Pricing-to-Market Using EGARCH-Error Correction Model

Introduction

Pricing-to-market (PTM) can be defined as the extent to which exporters adjust export prices to absorb the effects of foreign exchange (FX) rate changes. Under a PTM strategy, the full effects of a FX rate change will not immediately pass-through to export prices (Knetter, 1989). Some studies suggest (see e.g., Obstfeld & Rogoff, 1995) that since PTM limits exchange rate pass-through, this can in turn prevent the law of one price from holding. However, the time horizon for complete pass-through is not certain as this depends on the desire of exporters to retain foreign market share and maximize profits, amongst other factors (see also Gron & Swenson, 1996; Froot & Klemperer, 1989; Knetter, 1994).¹ Furthermore, the export price adjustment will be time-varying, as over time, a monopolist is likely to adjust export prices more in response to permanent than to transitory FX rate changes (see e.g., Kasa, 1992; Taylor, 2000).

This study employs both cointegration technique and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) error-correction models (ECMs), hereafter, EGARCH-ECMs, to estimate PTM for 20 U.K. export sectors. Our study is motivated by a number of factors. First, we focus on U.K. export sectors since most prior studies at the sector level concentrate mainly on U.S., German and Japanese imports/exports.² We use disaggregated export sector prices from a single source - the U.K. - as this approach is consistent with the idea that international competition can vary by export sector. Second, we want to focus on both the short- and long-term effects of PTM, and in particular, examine stickiness of the prices within an equilibrium framework. The use of ECMs enable us to deal with the econometric issues associated with equilibrium conditions for each export sector, whilst the EGARCH estimation method enables us to avoid the potential problems of ARCH and asymmetric effects that often arise when the standard OLS method is use for estimation. Finally, our PTM model incorporates export prices, FX rates and producers’ prices. Thus if exporters respond more strongly to increases in producers’ prices and FX rate appreciations than to decreases in those prices, the EGARCH-ECM is likely to capture the pricing asymmetry that follows from that behavior.

The empirical literature employs different approaches to estimate PTM. Bowe and Saltvedt (2004) use Johansen cointegration methodology to examine long-run price adjustments for Norwegian exports.³ They find evidence of variation in the magnitude of long-run FX rate effects by export sector and country of destination. Although their cointegration tests provide information about long-run equilibrium conditions, they do not tell how this long-run equilibrium is achieved.

In contrast , Sedgley and Smith (1994) and Mahdavi (2000) use both Johansen cointegration and standard OLS ECMs to estimate pass-through. These studies are more closely related to ours in terms of the modeling strategy, but they differ in terms of our estimation method and focus. Specifically, Sedgley and Smith’s (1994) simulated ECM estimates predict that following a sterling devaluation, the U.K. import share will be lower – a finding consistent with theory. Mahdavi (2000) also employs the standard OLS to estimate ECMs and shows that export prices, FX rates and input costs contain both short- and long-run dynamics.