Spatial-Temporal Content, Mathematics, and Videogames
It has been argued that the use of videogames may contribute to spatial-temporal skills (Subrahmanyam et al., 2001) which involves mental processing of items presented visually, specifically noting the shape, color, and movement of items as they move (Vandierendonck & De Vooght, 1997). This type of processing is common to videogames where individuals must focus on the visual stimuli presented to them and act on what they see. Tetris, a videogame that asks the player to rotate variously shaped pieces in space in order to complete horizontal lines, has been utilized in studies exploring spatial-temporal reasoning (De Lisi & Wolford, 2002; Okagaki & Frensch, 1994; Sims & Mayer, 2002). Other studies have used videogames such as Blockout (a game in which 3D blocks must be rotated and arranged into patterns) and STAR (a puzzle game in which participants are asked to think spatially several steps in advance) because they also utilize spatial-temporal reasoning (De Lisi & Cammarano, 1996; Peterson et al., 2004). By asking the videogame player to process information presented visually and then strategize and take action based on visual input, many popular videogames may support spatial-temporal reasoning.
Lachance and Mazzocco (2006) note that spatial based problem solving has been correlated with math skills in children’s early grade levels. Pani, Chariker, Dawson, and Johnson (2005) state that spatial-temporal reasoning (in this case mental rotation) is fundamental for problem solving in fields such as mathematics and engineering. They argue that the ability to undertake a spatial task such as mental rotation and predict its outcome demonstrates one of the earliest instances of physical reasoning and perceptual organization. Pani et al. (2005) also argue that this basic reasoning allows the individual to discover the limits of the physical world and allow the reorganization of thought in order to more efficiently process future spatial problems.
Assel, Landry, Swank, Smith, and Steelman (2003) speculated that children who show greater spatial skills as measured by two subtests of the Stanford-Binet IV (pattern recognition and copying of shapes) at age 6 would exhibit greater mathematical skills at age 8. These tasks require the use of fine motor skills, visual discrimination of presented stimuli, and the integration of visual and motor processes. The tasks undertaken included word problems as well as tasks that drew on geometry concepts such as length and area. Findings from the study supported the hypothesis that those with greater spatial skills at age 6 would exhibit greater math skill at age 8 (Assel et al., 2003). This finding is also supported by De Lisi and Wolford (2002), who confirm that while spatial abilities are not taught as a specific part of educational curricula, the impact of spatial-temporal reasoning is quite profound in some areas of mathematical and scientific problem solving. They demonstrate that students who display higher levels of spatial-temporal reasoning are also able to show a greater variety of problem solving strategies, specifically in math (De Lisi & Wolford, 2002).