Article Preview
TopIntroduction
Media researchers have been writing about the ramifications of assuming technologically mediated identities since the inception of online virtual worlds (see Turkle, 1994; 1995). These virtual environments can provide anonymity and the freedom from the conventions of our everyday identities in areas such as gender, age or social status. They also offer opportunities to take on various personas, create or adopt new identities without fear of disapproval by members in their real-life social circle (Turkle, 1995).
There are multiple types of virtual worlds (i.e., social, gaming, educational) with various affordances. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) have emerged to be one of the most popular gaming genres over the last decade, and have been studied from various perspectives (e.g., player demographics, addiction, socialization, player motivations). This popularity is partly because MMOs’ affordances allow players to temporarily become a game character and adopt the salient characteristics of that character (Looy, Courtois & de Vocht, 2010). As detailed in the following section, player identification with the avatar/character is central to how players experience a game. For instance, identification impacts player engagement with, and enjoyment of, a game (Klimmit, Hefner &Vorderer, 2009). Determining aspects of games, such as avatar customization, that improve players’ identification with their characters would be of interest to game designers as well as educators who choose games for their students.
Avatar customization is an understudied factor when it comes to identification. Yet, it allows making each character different in MMOs by providing various combinations of attributes, adornments/physical properties, skills, and traits (Dickey, 2007). This customization experience may help the player to get into the mindset of the character, increasing the likelihood of affecting his/her self-identity. This paper examines players’ identification with their characters over several gameplay sessions, varying the participants’ ability to customize their characters, and poses the following main research question and two exploratory research questions:
RQ1: Is there a relationship between engagement with initial avatar customization and players’ identification with and empathy toward their avatars?
RQ2: Does players’ identification with and empathy toward their avatars change over time?
The background section below clarifies the theories and presents previous studies that guided the formation of the research questions. Following the background, the methods section introduces the participants and describes the study. Before proceeding, however, it is worth clarifying the difference between avatar and character. Avatar is defined as the embodiment of the user in virtual environments (e.g., Ducheneaut, Wen, Yee, & Wadley, 2009). Characters in games are fictional identities within the narrative setting of the game. In this paper, “avatar” and “character” are used interchangeably because the research design does not differentiate avatar customization from character customization.
TopBackground
Many scholars have discussed the important role of online identities in videogames and virtual worlds in development and exploration of real selves (Turkle, 1995; Thomas 2007; Gee 2003). In these technologically mediated social virtual environments, players establish digital identities using a combination of modalities including text, audio and visuals. Such identity construction is necessary to communicate with others and with the virtual environment. Avatars are the most commonly used expression of identity in virtual worlds (Hamilton, 2009). Visual characteristics of an avatar, its name, as well as abilities of player characters, provide users with an expression of identity and an opportunity for extended identity formation (Turkle, 1995).