Abstract
The aim of this paper is to show the differences between Gender Economics (GE) and Feminist Economics (FE). The first part will deal with a historical reconstruction of these differences. The central part of this chapter will specifically illustrate Gender Economics, Feminist Economics, Feminine Economics, and the Austrian approaches to gender studies within economics. Gender Economics is an approach mainly focused on the role of gender in social and economic problems of the public life (such as labor, migration, household, laws, civil rights) as well as in a private contest (housekeeping, sexuality, and so on). Feminist Economics, Feminine Economics and Austrian economics develop in different ways a much more challenging perspective: they promote a deep revision of the mainstream economic theory founded on the optimization of an expected utility function that has been shaped into a masculine perspective.
TopIntroduction
According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the aim of Gender Economics is to illustrate how gender gap actually performs our society in a global scale (OECD, 2012). During the past four decades, the introduction of gender in economic theory had been changing the way of considering economic behavior within either mainstream or heterodox economics. The development of gender studies in economics can be regarded as a tool to revise the hegemonic neoclassical economic model (based on the rational choice theory), as well as a new way of rethinking political economy in a more general approach.
Gender studies has been the natural development of women’s studies. Women’s studies officially started in the 1970s within the “women’s studies program” at Harvard University (Nussbaum, 1997). The aim of that program was to show how the urgency for a real emancipation of women was traditionally embedded into the Western liberal tradition (Moller Okin, 1979, 1989; Sen, 1990; Rawls, 1971; Nussbaum, 2000). The multidisciplinary nature of that academic project involved philosophy, anthropology and economics. Later, a more specific connotation of gender studies spread within any single discipline. Especially in economics, the collection of empirical data in a specific dataset were used to show, as well as to explain the gender phenomena. The incipit of the first Human Development Report was “People are the real wealth of a nation and inequality amongst genders can no longer be accepted” (HDR, 1990). The implications of gender studies into economics are also relevant in terms of sociological outcomes: given that all social interaction is gendered, and that gendered social interaction is guided by status, discrimination results when the status of women and men have been stereotyped. Gender studies fights against these stereotypes. Sociological explanations of gender roles adopt four different theoretical perspectives:
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Functionalism, focused on how gender role contributes to social order and equilibrium.
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Conflict theory, focused on the level of power associated with gender.
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Symbolic interaction, focused on gender as socially constructed.
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The feminist perspective focused on women’s empowerment (Kramer & Beutel, 2014).
Gender studies are a broad field of research that involves not only economics but also other social sciences, like sociology and anthropology. In general, gender studies promote the request for a balance between men, women, and other gender identities into different aspects of cultural, political and economic sphere (Nussbaum, 2000). In the history of economic thought, two different approaches emerged, Gender Economics (GE) and Feminist Economics (FE). In fact, they have to be considered as particular fields of research with their own peculiarities. Although both approaches are relatively recent ways to introduce gender studies within the economic theory, there are some important differences between them.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Androcentric Approach: An approach to problem solving typically male-oriented; in neoclassical economic theory, it is related to the ability of maximization.
Feminine: Having psychological and behavioral qualities traditionally associated with women.
Heterodox Economics: Any form of critique of the mainstream economics. There are several heterodox approaches that include Marxism, feminist, Sfraffian, Austrian, (JEL code B).
Feminism: A political and theoretical movement for defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women.
Gender Studies: A field of interdisciplinary study dedicated to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis.
Austrian Approach to Economics: Following the tradition set up by Menger, Schumpeter, and Hayek, it is a school of economics based on methodological individualism, spontaneity of institutions, and creativity within the market.
Women’s Studies: An academic field devoted to exploring gender identities, relations, practices, theories and institutions.
Exogenous Preferences: Preferences are given; they are external factors. They are adopted by mainstream/neoclassical economics.
Mainstream Economics (Neoclassical Economics): Following the tradition set up by Pareto, Robbins and the Chicago school, it is the dominant way of dealing with economic theory. It is based on the rational choice theory, and general economic equilibrium.
Endogenous Preferences: Preferences are not given, but they are effected by individuals’ state and external framework. Gender biases are parts of endogenous preferences.