Abstract
Information systems that link businesses for the purpose of inter-organizational transfer of business transaction information (inter-organizational information systems or IOIS) have been in use since the 1970s (Lankford & Riggs, 1996). Early systems relied on private networks using electronic data interchange (EDI) or United Nations EDIFACT standards for format and content of transaction messages. Due to their cost and complexity, the use of these systems was confined primarily to large companies, but low cost Internet commercialization has led to much more widespread adoption of IOIS. Systems using the Internet and the World Wide Web are commonly referred to as B2B (business to business) systems, supporting B2B electronic commerce. Technological innovations have led to several forms of B2B Internet implementations, often in the form of online exchanges or electronic marketplaces (Wang et al., 2005). These are virtual marketplaces where buyers and sellers exchange information about prices, products, and service offerings, and negotiate business transactions. They are major components of the supply chains that they support. In addition to substituting proprietary lines of communication, emerging technologies and public networks have also facilitated new business models and new forms of interaction and collaboration in areas such as collaborative product engineering or joint offerings of complex, modularized products. During the years 1999-2001, a number of online exchanges were introduced, but many of these failed (Gallaugher & Ramanathan, 2002) due mainly to an inability to attract participating business partners, but also because potential participants and their business partners did not perceive enough value added through the significant investment they required. Those that have survived are often owned by companies or consortia that are also exchange customers or suppliers. The objective of this overview is to describe the evolution and the characteristics of B2B Internet implementations, and to discuss management considerations, the evaluation, and adoption of B2B applications, and the technical infrastructure supporting these systems. We also indicate some of the open issues that remain as the technology and its adoption continues to evolve.
TopBackground
Although there are many classification schemes available for B2B online exchanges (Choudhury 1997; Kaplan & Sawhney 2000), we will use a more generic and functional focus, with three categories: sell-side, buy-side, and neutral/market-type applications (Archer & Gebauer, 2001). Early B2B sell-side applications featured online catalogs, made available to the Internet community by distributors and manufacturers, often complemented by features such as shopping baskets and payment functionality. Many now provide customized and secure views of the data, based on business rules from contract agreements with individual customers. In some cases, buying processes of the customers are supported, including features such as approval routing and reporting. While sophisticated applications exist to support collaborative functionalities among the participating organizations, such as forecasting or configuration of complex products, many sell-side systems handle only the simpler transactions such as maintenance, repair, and operation (MRO) supplies. Recently, features that support collaboration have become more widely available through both the “vertical” links of supply chain management and the “horizontal” links of buying groups that can represent suppliers or buyers (Wang & Archer 2007a).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR): CPFR is a global, open, and neutral business process standard for value chain partners to coordinate the various activities of purchasing, production planning, demand forecasting, and inventory replenishment, in order to reduce the variance between supply and demand and share the benefits of a more efficient and effective supply chain.
Application Service Provider (ASP): An ASP is a service company that can support and relieve a firm from the daunting challenges of finding, hiring, inspiring, and training technical personnel to manage an application in-house. An ASP provides software applications on a pay-per-use or service basis via the Internet and leased lines.
Extensible Markup Language (XML): Document type definitions that can be used to specify or describe various types of objects. When a set of these is used on the Web to describe product information, it is referred to as cXML or commerce XML. It works as a meta-language that defines necessary information about a product, and standards are being developed for cXML in a number of industries, performing a function similar to that of EDI for non-Web-based systems. ebXML is a set of international standards being developed through the international organization OASIS (organization for the advancement of structured information standards), recognized by the UN. It standardizes the exchange of Web catalog content and defines request/response processes for secure electronic transactions over the Internet. The processes include purchase orders, change orders, acknowledgments, status updates, ship notifications and payment transactions.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): A standard used to govern the formatting and transfer of transaction data between different companies, using networks such as the Internet. As more companies are linking to the Internet, EDI is becoming increasingly important as an easy mechanism for companies to share transaction information on buying, selling, and trading. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) has approved a set of EDI standards known as the X12 standards. Due to the growing influence of international trade, EDIFACT, a standard developed by the United Nations and used primarily in non-North American countries, is being merged with X12 into a worldwide standard.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): A business management system that can integrate all facets of the business, including planning, manufacturing, sales, and marketing, through a common database. As the ERP methodology has become more popular, software applications have been developed to help business managers implement ERP in business activities such as inventory control, order tracking, customer service, finance and human resources.