The threat of climate change is due to increasing carbon emissions of manufacturing production and transportation. Currently, government is encouraging manufacturing to reduce carbon emission and conduct low carbon supply chain management (LCSCM). In order to solve the greenhouse gas emission dilemma, LCSCM is essential for manufacturing firms' stakeholders. Supply chain partners are expected to know the proper measurement of emissions to solve this problem. This chapter's aim is to review literature on how to measure LCSCM. In the past, the concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) was practiced to promote and reduce environmental risks. However, GSCM is a driver or practice to achieve environmental outcomes. The extended model of GSCM currently practices LCSCM through carbon footprint (CF) concept. In other words, LCSCM is an outcome that both interests researchers and persuades practitioners.
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As LCSCM is recently growing in importance, scholars and practitioners have started to put more interest in measuring carbon emission. In the literature, there are many scholars focusing on carbon emission measurement methods but lack of empirical data (Lee, 2011). Scholars then shift their focus in developing measurement methods and model to help practitioners to record and measure their carbon emissions using data generation (Bai, Sarkis, Wei, & Koh, 2012; Schmidt, 2009). However, there are also a few studies done by scholars using real firm or industrial data (Burnett, 2011; Cadarso, Gómez, López, & Tobarra, 2016; Lee, 2012; Nakajima, Kimura, & Wagner, 2014; Palak et al., 2014; Pelletier, Ibarburu, & Xin, 2013; Rahman & Khondaker, 2012; Tsai, Lin, Hwang, & Huang, 2014; Yusuf et al., 2013; Zhao, Neighbour, Han, McGuire, & Deutz, 2012; Zubelzu & Álvarez, 2015). Yet, the difficulty to get real data have seen many scholars using qualitative studies to measure LCSCM (Dadhich, Genovese, Kumar, & Acquaye, 2014; Dayaratne & Gunawardana, 2015; Gopalakrishnan, Yusuf, Musa, Abubakar, & Ambursa, 2012; Lee, 2012; Pueyo, 2013).