TopKnowledge Measurement Introduction
In recent years, not only knowledge management, but also primarily the measurement of knowledge (Holsapple, 2008; Jennex, 2007; Skyrme, 1998; Tiwana, 2000) is developing into a new research field. Skyrme (1998) sees the measurement and management of knowledge-based assets as one of the most important issues for knowledge organizations. As a result, new methods, new methodologies, and new tools have to be developed to measure the knowledge of organizations and of the knowledge workers. A range of quantitative measures - mainly money-based - is available to measure the value of a firm and its intellectual capital. The focus is primarily in the measurement of stocks or flows. Business measurements are the bases for decision making. Defining and measuring the value of a company are key strategic concerns in contemporary companies. In the knowledge-economy, the value of the company’s knowledge and its measurements are the key drivers for success. In the knowledge-based economy (Stewart, 1997), the management and the measurement of intangible assets has become one of the most important issues. Historically, business focused on the measurement of tangible assets such as the return on investment, cash flow, and the cost of sales. In the recent years, the focus shifted towards measuring intangible assets such as customer satisfaction and the knowledge of the company personnel. In light of this transition, companies are trying to combine both financial and nonfinancial measurements to achieve optimal organizational well-being.
Already in 2000, the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) research area concentrates on the measurement of the knowledge and learning (OECD, 2000). Knowledge measurement systems can help policy makers identify where outcomes fall short of expectations. In the near future, it will be more important to calculate the amount of knowledge in specific sectors and the rate at which knowledge is produced with much more accuracy. The importance of measurement systems for knowledge also is pointed out by Pearson (1990). To ensure that a company is successful, business, technology, and human elements must be integrated and balanced. The key players in a knowledge organization are the experts with their skills and experiences. Amar (2002) points out that experts in knowledge organizations work together not only to achieve the goals of the organizations, but also to achieve the fulfilment of their own goals by using the organization as a vehicle to achieve them. Managers in organizations have to recognize that the uniqueness and creativity of each knowledge worker will lead to customer satisfaction and to the success of the company. Knowledge workers are characterized by a high individuality and by the denial of formal and bureaucratic structures. The major competitive advantage of a knowledge organization is the pool of knowledge workers who find creative and quick problem solutions, hence seven identified characteristics should be taken into consideration (Amar, 2002):