Abstract
In this chapter, the authors present an Effective Virtual Learning Model and answer the research questions, What is the perception of social presence on virtual learning? What role does social presence play in student engagement in virtual learning? and, What are the social presence factors influencing the effective learning environment? The method used to answer the pending research questions was the integrative literature review utilizing a six-step format. Authors conducted a literature review search utilizing the descriptors of virtual learning and social presence. From there articles were identified, selected, and synthesized according to the research questions. This research was informed by the Community of Inquiry Framework as the theoretical foundation from which the results were concluded. Based on results of emerging themes, the authors present the Effective Virtual Learning Model as a foundational basis for theory, research, and more importantly, practice.
TopBackground
The concept of learning in a virtual environment has gained vast attention in recent years (Allmendinger, 2010; Shea & Bidjerano, 2012Taghizadeh & Vaezi, 2011), and is the focus of many recently published articles. Allmendinger (2010) indicated “Computer supported collaborative learning give rise to new challenges in terms of mutually constructing meaning, establishing and maintaining the users motivation, as well as structuring social interaction in learning situations” (p. 41). Taghizadeh and Vaezi (2011) called for a deeper understanding of the potential of education and elearning. They further explored elearning in terms of transforming the current state of education and claim that strategic development is necessary for transforming education. To do this, a strong foundation based on theory will be required.
Shea and Bidjerano (2012)
found that “between the years of 2008 and 2009, over one million students took courses offered online for the first time” (p. 316), this brought the total number of online students to over 5.5 million in the United States alone. This growth exceeded the growth of normal traditional courses by a rate of 20%, and the U.S. Department of Education reported that over 11, 200 college level programs are being delivered fully online (Shea & Bidjerano, 2012). Condon (2012) argued that technological advancements are rapidly increasing and are becoming obsolete even before they get to the market place, thereby making online access more available. An increasing number of universities are offering online courses to a global audience (Franceschi, Lee, Zanakis, & Hinds, 2009), however, these offerings do not come without problems. Research on the topic of social presence (Weinel, Bannert, Zumbach, Hoppe, & Malzahn, 2011) and sense of community (Tonteri, Kosonen, Ellonen, & Tarkiainen, 2011) may serve to inform effective online collaborations which lead to social presence and online learning (Ke F., 2010). Effective virtual communities serve to provide an exchange of knowledge and deep learning (Ke F., 2010). Shea and Bidjerano (2012) explained that “there is a longstanding belief that distance education requires a greater degree of self-directedness and self-reliance and it seems probable that learners in asynchronous, largely text-based online courses face challenges requiring persistence and determination” (p. 316). These shortcomings of online course offerings have been a source of concern for all stakeholders involved (Franceschi, Lee, Zanakis, & Hinds, 2009).
Key Terms in this Chapter
Learning Presence: Elements such as self-efficacy as well as other cognitive, behavioral, and motivational constructs supportive of online learner self-regulation.
Mixed Methodology: A combination of quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative Research Method: A term used for analysis of research in terms of quantity measurement.
Social Presence: A measure of feeling of community that learners experience in a virtual learning environment.
Cognitive Presence: The development and growth of critical thinking skills.
Virtual Environment: Computer-based worlds that can enhance and expand our ability to communicate and collaborate synchronously and/or asynchronously in a computer-mediated context with other users.
Teaching Presence: Teachers’ three critical roles including the design and organization of the learning experience, the implementation of learning activities, and the moderations of students’ learning experiences.
Qualitative Method: A term for analysis in terms of goodness and quality.
Moderating Effect: A term for interaction effect of a third variable between two other variables.
Student Engagement: A psychological process, specifically, the attention, interest, investment, and effort that students expend in the work of learning to achieve their learning goals.