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What is Data

Handbook of Research on ICTs and Management Systems for Improving Efficiency in Healthcare and Social Care
A value that could be generated from a measurement, observation or counting. It is expressed in defined units and can be easily converted.
Published in Chapter:
A Design Framework for a Market Intelligence System for Healthcare Sector: A Support Decision Tool in an Emergent Economy
George Jamil (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Lorena Furbino (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Leandro Santos (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Marcus Alves (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), Rafael Santiago (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), and Silvia Loyola (IN3, Belo Horizonte, Brazil)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3990-4.ch014
Abstract
The healthcare market is a dynamic sector, where marketing decisions are decisive and critical. Strategic and tactical planning demand data and information to produce knowledge, which will capacitate firms for business maneuvers as product positioning, pricing, and technological implementation for optimal business development. Marketing data and information must be provided from a variety of sources to produce knowledge, in a process that can be characterized as “organizational intelligence.” Collected contents from healthcare associated industrial sectors, such as chemical and pharmaceutical, have the potential to produce integrated value chain knowledge, improving analysis and decision processes. Approaching the healthcare market, a framework for an intelligence system for marketing decisions is discussed in this chapter. Initially reviewing the literature, a conceptual base is formed, which delimits the evaluation of intended framework. As an exam of practical marketing intelligence system application, case studies of real decisions observed in Brazilian market are done at the end of the chapter to evaluate how intelligence and knowledge, as conceptualized in the literature review, serve in typical healthcare marketing competition, as managerial support for problem solutions.
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A Design Framework for a Market Intelligence System for Healthcare Sector: A Support Decision Tool in an Emergent Economy
A value that could be generated from a measurement, observation or counting. It is expressed in defined units and can be easily converted.
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Knowledge Management in the Palestinian Public Sector
Are specific, objective facts or observations standing alone, such facts have no intrinsic meaning, but can be easily captured, transmitted, and stored electronically.
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Communication, Information, and Pragmatics
The pure and simple facts without any particular structure or organization, the basic atoms of information.
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Advances in Describing and Managing Our Environment
Factual information, especially organized for analysis, reasoning, or making decisions.
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Argumentation Schema to Analyze High School Students' Scientific Reasoning
Specific information of certain variables acquired with the purpose of studying natural phenomena.
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Evolution of the Health Record as a Communication Tool to Support Patient Safety
Is raw, unorganised individual elements or facts. These can be numbers, symbols, text, or images.
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Information Strategy: Implementing and Managing a Digital Strategy in a Portuguese Company
The representation of facts, concepts or instructions. Formalized with a structure suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by humans or by automatic means. The raw material of information. The basic element for the production of new information.
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Effectiveness of Reference Models for Knowledge Organization Systems: A Cross-Analysis of Requirements
A reinterpretable representation of information in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing. Examples of data include a sequence of bits, a table of numbers, the characters on a page, the recording of sounds made by a person speaking, or a moon rock specimen ( Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, 2012 , p. 1-10).
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Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain as Disruptive Technologies in Adolescent Lives
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Adaptive Business Intelligence
Pieces collected on a daily basis in the form of bits, numbers, symbols, and “objects.”
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Implementing and Managing an Information Strategy Project: The Case of a Real Estate Broker Organization
The representation of facts, concepts or instructions. Formalized with a structure suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by humans or by automatic means. The raw material of information. The basic element for the production of new information.
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Teenage Pregnancy: From Research and Theory to Practice
Newly created or existing information that is derived from observation or research. It may be data that uses numbers or values (quantitative), or a description of concepts that cannot be counted or measured but is observed and recorded by a trained researcher (qualitative), or is a combination of quantitative and qualitative information.
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Data Analytics: Challenges and Opportunities for the Family Business
Data is an essential raw material for creating and implementing successful analytical solutions.
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Analyzing GraphQL Performance: A Case Study
All the information that is available for querying.
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Disaster and Digital Libraries in Developing Countries: Issues and Challenges
These refer to quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.The singular form is datum.
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Data Democratization: Empowering Employees for Data-Driven Innovation
Data is a raw form of information and knowledge that can be available in formats such as texts, figures, numerals, symbols, or observations. It is also considered as a strategic asset to the organization.
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Bioethics of Displacement Across Time and Eras: Genesis v Gehenna I
Information in a structured or unstructured format consisting of individual facts or statistics that can be moved, processed, and analysed.
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Digitally-Enabled Design Management
Structured figures, symbols or numbers stored on a computer (Bennett et al., 2010 AU223: The in-text citation "Bennett et al., 2010" is not in the reference list. Please correct the citation, add the reference to the list, or delete the citation. ).
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Consumer Big Data Analytics: A Treasure for Businesses in the Socio-Digital Era
Is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing.
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The Quality Attribution in Data, Information and Knowledge
Symbols obtained through an encoding process of the environment cit_bfthat can be available to an individual and/or organization but which have not as yet been evaluated for their worth in a specific scenario.
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Software Component Technology: Concepts, Design, and Management Method
Facts and numbers which relay something specific, but which are not organized in any way and which provide no further information.
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Collaborative Assessment and Survey Administration: A MISO Survey Case Study
Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
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Development Trends of Information Systems
The base level of the semantic ladder. Data involves the measurement of some attribute.
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It's a Team Effort: Collaboration Between Teachers and Professional School Counselors
Quantitative measures such as academic reports, attendance records, and discipline reports that can be used to identify students in need of services, structure interventions, and address inequities.
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The Flow of Influence From Two-Step to Network Perspectives
It is a unit of information that describes a single quality or quantity of an object or phenomenon.
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Information Architecture as an Enabler for Business Development: A Case Study
Information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols) that refer to, or represent, conditions, ideas, or objects.
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Strategic Information Management: Implementing and Managing a Digital Project
The representation of facts, concepts or instructions. Formalized with a structure suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by humans or by automatic means. The raw material of information. The basic element for the production of new information.
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Credit Risk Assessment and Data Mining
The set of samples, facts, or cases in a data repository. As an example of a sample, consider the field values of a particular credit application in a bank database.
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Application of Blockchain in Libraries and Information Centers
Unprocessed information – facts, figures and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
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Lower Memory Consumption for Data Transmission in Smart Cloud Environments With CBEDE Methodology
Data is basically codes that constitute the raw material of information, ie, it is untreated information. Data refers to facts, events, actions, activities, and transactions which have been and can be recorded, i.e. the raw material from which information is produced, nurturing the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. Data represent one or more meanings of a system that transmits a message. Information is any structuring or organization of such data.
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Digital Transformation of Small and Medium Businesses
Presentation of information in a form suitable for automatic processing.
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Using Classroom Assessment Data to Guide Instruction
Information that is gathered from a variety of sources of student work. This information helps to guide the planning of lessons that meet the needs of students.
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Development and Design Methodologies in DWM
Data are “binary (digital) representations of atomic facts,” especially from financial transactions. Data may also be “text, graphics, bit-mapped images, sound, analog or digital live-video segments.” Structured data are the “raw material” for analysis using a data-driven DSS. The data are “supplied by data producers and [are] used by managers and analysts to create information.”
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Social Network Analysis for Virtual Communities
A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automated means.
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Data Avalanche: Harnessing for Mobile Payment Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning
Data is raw fact that can be processed for information. Examples of data include texts, images, and videos.
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What Is Computational Communication Research?
It is a unit of information that describes a single quality or quantity of an object or phenomenon.
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Optimizing Knowledge Management During Crises
The quantities, characters, and statistics; can be textual or numerical.
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Big Data and Analytics: Application to Healthcare Industry
Facts and statistics collected together on which operations are performed for reference or analysis.
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SHARE: A European Healthgrid Roadmap
Any and all complex data entities from observations, experiments, simulations, models, and higher order assemblies, along with the associated documentation needed to describe and interpret them
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Challenges for Education in the Information Society
The representation of facts, concepts or instructions. Formalized with a structure suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by humans or by automatic means. The raw material of information. The basic element for the production of new information.
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Data Visualization in R
It is a collection of information.
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Electronic Government
Presentation of information in a form suitable for automatic processing.
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Basics of Research Report Writing for Behavioural Science Students and Emerging Scholars
Data are raw facts that are gathered from the research awaiting processing for relevant meaning associated with them to be uncovered. When data are processed, meanings can be made from them for a thorough understanding of the event, phenomena or trait about which the data was collected.
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Investigation of Software Reliability Prediction Using Statistical and Machine Learning Methods
The representation of facts or instructions in a manner suitable for processing by computers or analyzing by human.
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Supporting Data Preservation Through Institutional Repositories of the Academic Libraries in South Africa: A Case Study of Three Academic Libraries
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An Explorative Study of Knowledge-Transfer Mechanism: Processes and Factors (Enablers and Barriers) – Conceptual Model
Are specific figures or observations standing alone, such facts have no intrinsic meaning, but can be easily captured, transmitted, and stored electronically.
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Leveraging Collective Wisdom to Impact Workplace Culture
A collection or set of facts (numbers, measurements, observations, or descriptions) that can be quantitative or qualitative in nature
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Assessment Approach of Enterprise Readiness to Digital Transformation
Presentation of the processed information for transmission, interpretation, or processing (computer files, paper documents, records in the information system, etc.).
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Information Visualization and Interface Culture
Quantitative facts, figures or statistics provided without context.
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Citizen Data in Distributed Computing Environments: Privacy and Protection Mechanisms
It refers to representation of information, knowledge, facts, concepts, or instructions that are being prepared in a formal manner. It is intended for processing and may be stored in any form on papers or on a storage device or in the computer memory.
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Data Privacy vs. Data Security
Both a generic and specific term to describe information now typically stored on computers. It is used generically when the structure and subject matter is unknown. It is used specifically when ascribed to a defined data set, such as ‘statistical data’. The term. Often referred to as Big Data or Data Lakes, these describing large volumes and varieties of data, increasing daily by volume and subject matter. Data is both structured, where the data must conform to certain rules, such as financial transactions, and free flowing, where no or little structure is required, such as the information shared via social media. See also ‘data lifecycle’.
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Knowledge Management Systems Characteristics That Support Knowledge Sharing and Decision-Making Processes in Organizations
Are specific, objective facts or observations standing alone, such facts have no intrinsic meaning, but can be easily captured, transmitted, and stored electronically.
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Visualization of Big Data Sets Using Computer Graphics
Data is factual information, especially organized for analysis, reasoning, or making decisions.
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Information Security Awareness in Tourism Enterprises: Case of Turkish Manager Opinions
Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
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Human Digital Transformation Readiness: Integrate Data Into the Mindset and Decision-Making Processes
"Data are defined as symbols that represent properties of objects, events and their environment. They are the products of observation. But are of no use until they are in a useable (i.e., relevant) form. The difference between data and information is functional, not structural." (Ackoff, 1989)
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Big Data, Who Are You?
This term comprises facts, observations, and raw information. Data itself has little meaning if it is not processed.
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Information and Its Conceptual Perspectives
The data does not carry any sense or meaning of the facts, images or sounds, since they lack relational elements essential to the establishment of a complete meaning, requiring a relational structure internal to a cognitive purpose.
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