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What is Emergence

Chapter 15
Handbook of Research on Chaos and Complexity Theory in the Social Sciences
The process of coming into being or of becoming important or prominent.
Published in Chapter:
Understanding Entrepreneurship through Chaos and Complexity Perspectives
Wassim J. Aloulou (Al Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia)
Copyright: © 2016 |Pages: 18
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0148-0.ch015
Abstract
This chapter aims to cover entrepreneurship as an emergent field of scholarly inquiry in the social sciences. Four different dominant paradigms are developed in this research field. The chapter shows that, in the last two decades, several scholars adopted the chaos and complexity sciences as important perspectives in the social sciences and especially in management sciences, small business and entrepreneurship. Then, the chapter aims also to introduce the pioneering contributions of theses scholars intending to understand entrepreneurship (its conditions, properties and processes of emergence) through the chaos and complexity theories and produce valuable knowledge in this field. And finally, the chapter presents some discussions and implication for future entrepreneurship research perspectives related to three research mainstreams: social, strategic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial learning. In conclusion, the chapter invites researchers to benefit from the chaos and complexity perspectives in order not to miss opportunity to enrich their theory building in entrepreneurship research.
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Chapter 8
Collective Intelligence in a Computer-Mediated Environment
An emergent phenomenon appears as the consequence of interactions between a set of elements in a system. This result is different and irreducible to the causes that gave it birth.
Published in Chapter: Collective Intelligence in a Computer-Mediated Environment; From: Handbook of Research on Democratic Strategies and Citizen-Centered E-Government Services
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Chapter 11
Social Sustainability via Critical Reflexivity: Strategic Gamification in Higher Education
Is the process of revealing something which has previously remained unseen or unrecognized; the outcome of emergence may be to challenge long held presuppositions or assumptions of knowledge.
Published in Chapter: Social Sustainability via Critical Reflexivity: Strategic Gamification in Higher Education; From: Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future: Innovative Strategies and Best Practices
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Chapter 1
Artificially in Social Sciences
Characterizes the properties of a system which are new compared to the properties of the components isolated. Bottom-up modeling mainly deals with Bedau’s weak emergence which characterizes emerging properties that can only be derived by simulation.
Published in Chapter: Artificially in Social Sciences; From: Handbook of Research on Nature-Inspired Computing for Economics and Management
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Chapter 17
Integral Post-Analysis of Design-Based Research of an Organizational Learning Process for Strategic Renewal of Environmental Management
A feature in a complex system that is generated through the dynamic interactions between the parts of a system at one level, and is realized at the next level of organization without intentionality or causality. For example: evasive maneuvers of a school of fish are generated through the actions of individuals, who are unaware of how their own actions contribute to the action of the school.
Published in Chapter: Integral Post-Analysis of Design-Based Research of an Organizational Learning Process for Strategic Renewal of Environmental Management; From: Integral Theory and Transdisciplinary Action Research in Education
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Chapter 117
Applying Graphics Processing Unit Technologies to Agent-Based Simulation
Trends and behaviours exhibited by a system (such as an agent-based simulation) that are a result of the outputs from that system’s sub-systems.
Published in Chapter: Applying Graphics Processing Unit Technologies to Agent-Based Simulation; From: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition
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Chapter 1
Anexact Paths: Computation, Continuity, and Tectonics in the Design Process
The insurgence, in a group or collective of individuals, of properties that are not shared by any single individual. It is the “more” in the expression “the whole is more than just the sum of its constituent parts”.
Published in Chapter: Anexact Paths: Computation, Continuity, and Tectonics in the Design Process; From: Handbook of Research on Form and Morphogenesis in Modern Architectural Contexts
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Chapter 21
Innoveadership: Marrying Strategic Leadership with Complexity
The concept refers to the coming-into-being of novel, higher level structures, patterns, processes, properties, dynamics, and laws, and how this more complex order arises out of the interactions among components (agents) that make up the system itself ( Goldstein, 1999 ). Emergence is the creation of order, the formation of new properties and structures in complex systems. ( Goldstein, 2014 ).
Published in Chapter: Innoveadership: Marrying Strategic Leadership with Complexity; From: Encyclopedia of Strategic Leadership and Management
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Chapter 45
Introducing Knowledge Management as Both Desirable and Undesirable Processes
The process by which often unexpected outcomes result from the interaction of different activities and occurrences within an organisation.
Published in Chapter: Introducing Knowledge Management as Both Desirable and Undesirable Processes; From: Encyclopedia of Knowledge Management, Second Edition
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Chapter 4
Enabling Transformational Complexity Leadership in Education
When agents in a complex adaptive system interact with one another to produce new structures, behaviours, and qualities that are not found in the individual parts alone, this phenomenon is known as emergence.
Published in Chapter: Enabling Transformational Complexity Leadership in Education; From: Transformational Leadership Styles, Management Strategies, and Communication for Global Leaders
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Chapter 22
Competitive Advantage of Geographical Clusters
The behavior that surfaces out of interaction of a group of agents/people whose behavior cannot be predicted on the basis of individual and isolated actions and is not externally imposed.
Published in Chapter: Competitive Advantage of Geographical Clusters; From: Handbook of Research on Nature-Inspired Computing for Economics and Management
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Chapter 54
Complex Systems Modeling by Cellular Automata
Emergence is defined as the occurrence of new processes operating at a higher level of abstraction then is the level at which the local rules operate. A typical example is an ant colony where this large complex structure emerges through local interactions of ants. For example, a whole hierarchy of emergents exists and operates in a human body. An emergent is the product of an emergence process.
Published in Chapter: Complex Systems Modeling by Cellular Automata; From: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence
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Chapter 14
Modeling Human Resources in the Emergent Organization
Phenomenon through which complex systems and patterns emerge from multiple simple and local interactions. Emergence is central to the theory of complex systems.
Published in Chapter: Modeling Human Resources in the Emergent Organization; From: Handbook of Research on E-Transformation and Human Resources Management Technologies: Organizational Outcomes and Challenges
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Chapter 5
The Potential of System Dynamics to Model Patient-Aided Healthcare
Feature of complex systems, meaning that the interactions between system’s components lead to unexpected behavioral properties, resulting from system’s self-organizational processes.
Published in Chapter: The Potential of System Dynamics to Model Patient-Aided Healthcare; From: Managing Patients' Organizations to Improve Healthcare: Emerging Research and Opportunities
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Chapter 28
Visualizing Big Data From a Philosophical Perspective
Unexpected phenomena appearing (and often having a regularity or pattern) from a collection of apparently unrelated elements and where the elements themselves do not have the characteristics of the phenomena and that phenomena itself is not contained deductively within the elements (See “Deduction”).
Published in Chapter: Visualizing Big Data From a Philosophical Perspective; From: Handbook of Research on Big Data Storage and Visualization Techniques
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Chapter 10
The Theory of Deferred Action: Informing the Design of Information Systems for Complexity
A term to describe unknowable and unpredictable social action in all its multifarious aspects. Philosophically, it is instrumental in determining being.
Published in Chapter: The Theory of Deferred Action: Informing the Design of Information Systems for Complexity; From: Handbook of Research on Contemporary Theoretical Models in Information Systems
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Chapter 6
Sorting the Relationship of Tacit Knowledge to Story and Narrative Knowing
Defined as absolute novelty, spontaneity, and improvisation, without past/future.
Published in Chapter: Sorting the Relationship of Tacit Knowledge to Story and Narrative Knowing; From: Handbook of Research on Knowledge-Intensive Organizations
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Chapter 13
Digital Media in the Classroom: Emergent Perspectives for 21st Century Learners
The occurrence of new phenomena generated unpredictably by the interaction of simple rules and individual mechanisms that are in constant flux and interaction. Emergence suggests something novel is perpetually emerging at a systems/global level as the world and environment constantly shifts and changes at a mechanistic/local level.
Published in Chapter: Digital Media in the Classroom: Emergent Perspectives for 21st Century Learners; From: Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Creative Technologies
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Chapter 156
Mathematical Modeling of Artificial Neural Networks
Modalities in which complex systems like ANNs and patterns come out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions.
Published in Chapter: Mathematical Modeling of Artificial Neural Networks; From: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence
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Chapter 1
Organizing Learning Processes of Co-Production: A Theoretical View
The way that planned and unplanned change occurs and plays out, potentially creating unexpected value.
Published in Chapter: Organizing Learning Processes of Co-Production: A Theoretical View; From: Processual Perspectives on the Co-Production Turn in Public Sector Organizations
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Chapter 71
Developmental Robotics
A process where phenomena at a certain level arise from interactions at lower levels. The term is sometimes used to denote a property of a system not contained in any one of its parts.
Published in Chapter: Developmental Robotics; From: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence
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Chapter 15
Data Gathering to Build and Validate Small-Scale Social Models for Simulation
A phenomena is said to be emerging if it is the result of the parallel action of individuals of agents who did not have this phenomena as an objective. For example: individuals wish to go from A to B. A traffic jam appears, it was not wanted, nor predictable by the agent before it happened; it emerges from the presence of a number of individuals at the same time, going to the same place. Such an emergence can be detected by the people who are in it or not. Global warming is an emerging phenomenon that we can witness.
Published in Chapter: Data Gathering to Build and Validate Small-Scale Social Models for Simulation; From: Handbook of Research on Nature-Inspired Computing for Economics and Management
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Chapter 5
Synthetic Biology as a Proof of Systems Biology
Refers to new unexpected behaviors and patterns that arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. An emergent behavior can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment while forming more complex behaviors as a community.
Published in Chapter: Synthetic Biology as a Proof of Systems Biology; From: Handbook of Research on Systems Biology Applications in Medicine
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Chapter 6
An Epistemological Gap in Simulation Technologies and the Science of Society
The notion of emergence is used in a variety of disciplines such as evolutionary biology, the philosophy of mind and sociology, as well as in computational and complexity theory. It is associated with non-reductive naturalism, which claims that a hierarchy of levels of reality exist. While the emergent level is constituted by the underlying level, it is nevertheless autonomous from the constituting level. As a naturalistic theory, it excludes non-natural explanations such as vitalistic forces or entelechy. As non-reductive naturalism, emergence theory claims that higher-level entities cannot be explained by lower-level entities.
Published in Chapter: An Epistemological Gap in Simulation Technologies and the Science of Society; From: Handbook of Research on Culturally-Aware Information Technology: Perspectives and Models
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Chapter 5
Ludic Approaches to Teaching and Learning: Facilitating the Emotional Self at Work in Higher Education
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Chapter 10
The Fallacies of MDA for Novice Designers: Overusing Mechanics and Underusing Aesthetics
The capacity for a system to produce outputs which were unexpected by the original designers.
Published in Chapter: The Fallacies of MDA for Novice Designers: Overusing Mechanics and Underusing Aesthetics; From: Interactivity and the Future of the Human-Computer Interface
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Chapter 3
Agent-Based Modeling: A Historical Perspective and a Review of Validation and Verification Efforts
The process of coherent patterns of behavior arising from the self-organizing aspects of complex systems.
Published in Chapter: Agent-Based Modeling: A Historical Perspective and a Review of Validation and Verification Efforts; From: Handbook of Research on Discrete Event Simulation Environments: Technologies and Applications
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Chapter 3
Digital Swarms: Social Interaction and Emergent Phenomena in Personal Communications Networks
Process whereby global patterns arise through interactions between local and simple entities that themselves do not exhibit such patterns.
Published in Chapter: Digital Swarms: Social Interaction and Emergent Phenomena in Personal Communications Networks; From: Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurial Development and Innovation Within Smart Cities
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Chapter 122
Measures of Network Structure
The process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules; emergent properties are neither properties had by any parts of the system taken in isolation nor a resultant of a mere summation of properties of parts of the system.
Published in Chapter: Measures of Network Structure; From: Encyclopedia of Networked and Virtual Organizations
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Chapter 45
Intertextuality in Massively Multi-Player Online Games
Game developers constantly update the mechanics and software rules while regularly adding content and expansions. Emergence as it relates to MMOGs is the notion that game content and the players’ understanding of that content develop through regular play and interaction with others.
Published in Chapter: Intertextuality in Massively Multi-Player Online Games; From: Handbook of Research on Effective Electronic Gaming in Education
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Chapter 8
The Emergence of Agency in Online Social Networks
From an ontological perspective is a non-reducible phenomenon. Meaning, that if a construct is emergent it has several component parts but is irreducible with respect to them (Martin, 2003; O’Connor & Wong, 2002).
Published in Chapter: The Emergence of Agency in Online Social Networks; From: Handbook of Research on Social Software and Developing Community Ontologies
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Chapter 20
Understand Complex Design Problems Using Systems Thinking
The macro-level result experienced as a consequence of the collective behavior of individual system components.
Published in Chapter: Understand Complex Design Problems Using Systems Thinking; From: Handbook of Research on Trends in Product Design and Development: Technological and Organizational Perspectives
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