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What is European Union (EU)

Chapter 10
Global Challenges in Public Finance and International Relations
The origin of EU is based on European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) that is founded on Paris Agreement in 1951.
Published in Chapter:
An Investigation of the Maastricht Fiscal Criteria and the European Union's Harmonization
Sami Buhur (Balikesir University, Turkey)
Copyright: © 2019 |Pages: 19
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7564-1.ch010
Abstract
The Maastricht Treaty brought many innovations in the process of harmonization of the EU. This treaty, which was realized in 1993, aims to harmonize the economic, financial, legal, and political aspects of the EU members. Two basic financial criteria were identified in the financial stability and harmonization process. The first is the ratio of member countries' budget deficits to GDP. The second is the ratio of the member country's public debt to the GDP. In this chapter, it will be revealed how EU member countries are adapting to financial criteria. For this purpose, reports and statistics published by international organizations such as OECD and EU will be examined. It will be seen in many of the EU member countries can not adapt to these criteria. Especially after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, there were difficulties in adapting to these criteria. The EU Council put into effect several legal regulations in the harmonization process. Although many legal sanctions were put into effect for this purpose, success in complying with the financial criteria were not achieved.
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Chapter 9
Adoption of Electronic Commerce by Small Businesses
Family of democratic European countries. The six founders (on March 25, 1957, with the Treaty of Rome) are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands. The European Union acts in a wide range of policy areas—economic, social, regulatory, and financial—through solidarity policies (also known as cohesion policies), regional, agricultural, social affairs and innovation policies, which provide state-of-the-art technologies to fields such as environmental protection, research and development, and energy. Currently, the EU embraces 27 countries and 490 million people ( http://europa.eu ). EU countries include: Austria-A, Belgium-BE, Bulgaria-BG, Cyprus-CY, the Czech Republic-CZ, Denmark-DK, Estonia-EE, Finland-FI, France-F, Germany-DE, Greece-EL, Hungary-HU, Ireland-IE, Italy-I, Latvia-LV, Lithuania-LT, Luxembourg-LU, Malta-MT, The Netherlands-NL, Poland-PL, Portugal-PT, Romania-RO, Slovakia-SK, Slovenia-SL, Spain-ES, Sweden-SE, and the United Kingdom-UK.
Published in Chapter: Adoption of Electronic Commerce by Small Businesses; From: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition
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Chapter 9
Is Turkey a Favorable Environment for FDIs?: Institutional Outlook to EU-Turkey FDI Flow
It is a group of countries in Europe continent that works as a connected economic and political block.
Published in Chapter: Is Turkey a Favorable Environment for FDIs?: Institutional Outlook to EU-Turkey FDI Flow; From: Comparative Approaches to Old and New Institutional Economics
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Chapter 20
The European Union Development Policy and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations
The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 and is the result of decades of cooperation among European countries following the devastation of World War II. The EU operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental decision-making, which include the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank, among others. The EU has a wide range of competencies, including the single market, customs union, competition policy, agricultural policy, trade policy, and monetary policy (for the Eurozone countries). It also promotes cooperation in areas such as justice and home affairs, energy, environment, and foreign policy. Additionally, the EU plays a significant role in global affairs, representing its member states in international negotiations and advocating for common positions on issues such as climate change, human rights, and trade.
Published in Chapter: The European Union Development Policy and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations; From: Global Trends in Governance and Policy Paradigms
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Chapter 12
The Hungarian Advertising Market and an Award-Winning Effie Case Study as Good Practice
An economic and political union of 27 member states as of 2021, including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Statistics that refer to 28 member states were created before the United Kingdom left the European Union.
Published in Chapter: The Hungarian Advertising Market and an Award-Winning Effie Case Study as Good Practice; From: Handbook of Research on Global Perspectives on International Advertising
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Chapter 13
Connecting Eurasia: Is Cooperation Between Russia, China, and the EU in Central Asia Possible?
The first and still the most advanced regional integration project. Launched in the aftermath of the WWII the EU aimed at providing security, peace and stability in Europe by promoting the economic cooperation between the states and creating a shared norms and values environment.
Published in Chapter: Connecting Eurasia: Is Cooperation Between Russia, China, and the EU in Central Asia Possible?; From: Regional Integration and Future Cooperation Initiatives in the Eurasian Economic Union
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Chapter 1
The Main Principles of Democracy and Its Role in Global Development
A regional organization created by the merger of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community (called the European Community until 1993) that has since expanded geographically and in its authority.
Published in Chapter: The Main Principles of Democracy and Its Role in Global Development; From: Global Dimensions of Democracy and Human Rights: Problems and Perspectives
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