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What is Microarray

Handbook of Research on Cloud Infrastructures for Big Data Analytics
A hybridization technique of a nucleic acid sample (target) to a very large set of oligonucleotide probes, which are attached to a solid support. It used to determine sequences, to detect variations in a gene sequence or to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously.
Published in Chapter:
Bioinformatics Clouds for High-Throughput Technologies
Claudia Cava (National Research Council, Italy), Francesca Gallivanone (Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Italy), Christian Salvatore (National Research Council, Italy), Pasquale Anthony Della Rosa (National Research Council, Italy), and Isabella Castiglioni (Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Italy)
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5864-6.ch020
Abstract
Bioinformatics traditionally deals with computational approaches to the analysis of big data from high-throughput technologies as genomics, proteomics, and sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis allows extraction of new information from big data that might help to better assess the biological details at a molecular and cellular level. The wide-scale and high-dimensionality of Bioinformatics data has led to an increasing need of high performance computing and repository. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate the advantages of cloud computing in Bioinformatics research for high-throughput technologies.
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The Affymetrix GeneChip® Microarray Platform
A microarray (also known as gene chip or DNA chip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots, commonly representing sequence extracts of single genes, arrayed on a solid surface by covalent attachment to a chemical matrix. DNA arrays are commonly used for expression profiling, i.e., monitoring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously, or for comparative genomic hybridization.
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Gene Expression Profiling with the BeadArrayTM Platform
A microarray is a collection of genetic substances, - mostly DNA(Deoxyribonucleic acid) - integrated at a large scale..Microarrays can be generated in high-throughput using robots transferring minimal amounts of probes onto substrates. The sample being tested is radioactively or fluorescently labeled and hybridized to the probes. A scanner scans the microarrays delivering signals for the labeled and hybridized substance. “Chips” (see Chips) and “bead arrays” (see bead array) can be regarded as subsets of microarrays.
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AI Methods for Analyzing Microarray Data
A microarray is an experimental assay which measures the abundances of mRNA (intermediary between DNA and proteins) corresponding to gene expression levels in biological samples.
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Systems Biology Applied to Cancer Research
DNA microarray is a technique to monitor the abundance of tens of thousands RNA transcripts at once (by extension, gene expression). Molecular reporters corresponding to complementary sequences of genes of interest are orderly deposited on a glass surface. This is today the most mature of the highly parallel techniques.
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Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics I
A 2D array, typically on a glass, filter, or silicon wafer, upon which genes or gene fragments are deposited or synthesized in a predetermined spatial order allowing them to be made available as probes in a high-throughput, parallel manner.
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Clustering Methods for Gene-Expression Data
A slide which contains a grid consisting of a large number of microscopic spots of different DNAs, each of which will hybridize with a particular target RNA or DNA sequence. The target RNA or DNA is generally attached to a fluorescent marker. When the target RNA or DNA binds to the complementary DNA on the slide this binds the fluorescent marker to the slide. The measurements taken are of the intensity of the fluorescence from these markers.
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Mapping the Chromosome through a Novel Use of GIS and Spatial Analysis
A collection of thousands of microscopic DNA fragments, called probes, which are attached to a solid surface (microchip). Under certain conditions mRNA molecules will bind specifically to these fragments. The amount of mRNA bound to each probe provides a proxy measure for each gene’s expression level in a cell.
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Image Processing and Machine Learning Techniques for the Segmentation of cDNA
Sets of miniaturized chemical reaction areas that may also be used to test DNA fragments, antibodies, or proteins, by using a chip having immobilised target and hybridising them with a probed sample.
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Data Integration for Regulatory Gene Module Discovery
also known as a gene chip, DNA chip, or gene array is glass slide on which there is a grid pattern of small spots each of which will react with single individual genes. They are commonly used for measuring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously, a technique called expression profiling. For example, microarrays can be used to identify disease genes by comparing gene expression in diseased and normal cells.
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