What is Rival Penalized Competitive Learning

Several unsupervised learning topics have been extensively studied with wide applications for decades in the literatures of statistics, signal processing, and machine learning. The topics are mutually related and certain connections have been discussed partly, but still in need of a systematical overview. The article provides a unified perspective via a general framework of independent subspaces, with different topics featured by differences in choosing and combining three ingredients. Moreover, an overview is made via three streams of studies. One consists of those on the widely studied principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA), featured by the second order independence. The second consists of studies on a higher order independence featured independent component analysis (ICA), binary FA, and nonGaussian FA. The third is called mixture based learning that combines individual jobs to fulfill a complicated task. Extensive literatures make it impossible to provide a complete review. Instead, we aim at sketching a roadmap for each stream with attentions on those topics missing in the existing surveys and textbooks, and limited to the authors’ knowledge.