Critical Review on the Impact of ICT Among Undergraduate Students

Speedy scientific and technological growths, particularly in the area of information and communication technology (ICT), are generating novel conditions in learning and it imposes a transformation in a modernized society. ICT is helpful in converting varied sectors like banking, transportation, education, manufacturing, health, employment, and so on. Its amalgamation with the learning system has brought up an innovative renovation by offering a flexible environment of education. This survey makes a critical analysis of about 65 papers regarding the impact of ICT on undergraduate students. More particularly, varied performance measures that are contributed in diverse articles are analyzed. In addition, a comprehensive study is made regarding the maximal performances in each contribution. Lastly, the survey extends with the determination of varied research challenges, which might be productive for the analysts to endorse enhanced upcoming works on the impact of ICT among undergraduate students


INTRoDUCTIoN
Technology has paved the way for several amendments in several school trainings.Teachers were the most important troupes in the introduction of these amendments in daily classroom practices.So as to aid lecturer's usage of technology, training on educational technology has turned out to be essential (Kim, 2012;Adesemowo et al. 2017;Patiar et al. 2017).Nevertheless, this causes demands in recognizing the constraints, which influence the implementation of technology and the creation of practicable solutions for integrating sustainable technologies into education practices.Speedy scientific and technological growths, particularly in the area of ICT, are generating new stipulations in teaching and inflict a transformation on the role of conventional schools in response to novel human requirements and demands of modernized society (Woreta et al. 2013;Nketiah-Amponsah et al. 2017;Charles and Issifu, 2015).
"ICT is defined as Technological devices (hardware and software) that allow editing, producing, storing, exchange and transmitting data between different information systems that have common protocols (Couceiro et al. 2013;Odunola and Tella, 2020).These applications, which integrate computer media, telecommunications and networks, enable both interpersonal (person-to-person) and multidirectional (one-to-many or many-to-many) communication and collaboration (Bankole and Nasir, 2020;McGill et al. 2014).These tools play a substantive role in the generation, exchange, diffusion, management and access to knowledge".ICT is turning out to be ever more relevant and significant in every area of societal life, predominantly in education.
The gaps among research and practices complicate the appliance of useful and insightful educational research in everyday education practice.Even though every attempt was made to recognize both inhibiting and contributing factors of technology usage, educators are often opposed and reluctant to adopt technology in their classrooms, and their overall ability to make effectual usage of technology is less.By the way, numerous obstructions were recognized as to "why little impact has been made on the use of ICTs in higher education teaching and learning in some institutions" (Trushell et al. 2013;Goktas and Demirel, 2012).
The major contribution of this review is given below.
1. Analyzed 68 research publications to conduct a review on the effect of ICT on undergraduate students.2. Offers a thorough analysis of the different approaches used in each paper under examination.3. Evaluates the performance metrics in every article that has been reviewed.
The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 lists relevant ICT-related studies completed by undergraduate students.It is preferable for section 3 to include a thorough analysis of a range of approaches.In Section 4, the performance metrics evaluation is depicted.In addition, Section 5 describes the challenges, and Section 6 presents the conclusion.

Related works
Vega-Hernández et al. 2018 conducted a quantitative analysis using a REATIC questionnaire to find out how undergraduate students from "The University of Salamanca" in five skill areas used and perceived the role of ICT in their education.Islam et al. 2019 have developed the TAG model and examined teachers' gratification and adoption of ICT for research and teaching purposes in Malaysian institutions.Further, the researchers were examined using the 3-phase SEM.Kang and Park, 2017 have presented a global ITTP, which seemed to combine learning with ICT with specified ODA in Korea.Tam et al. 2020 have provided experiential facts that supported the efficacy of a STEM learning program for endorsing student improvement and minimizing gender stereotypes in ICT.The findings demonstrate that the created work significantly increased ICT self-efficacy and reduced perceived ICT deployment challenges.A 2019 study by Dubey and Tiwari examined the perceived value of soft skills and the gaps that still exist for newcomers to the ICT industry.When analyzing the background effects, practitioners reacted to a similarity in the perceived significance of soft skills, regardless of experiences.Giavrimis, 2020 have focused on undergraduate's views as social acts towards ICT, via conflict hypothetical schemes.The researchers' important discoveries were revealed by their findings, which were examined through the "integration" of ICT.Zhang et al. 2017 analyzed the effect of DA on undergraduate educational performances.Primarily, the research focuses on DA, which depends on post-and pretest assessment.Second, the TML-oriented evaluation was modelled as the evaluation system includes undergraduates who received assistance directly in the TML environment.Reyes et al. 2017 have proposed a 3-cluster configuration of teachers, which required empirical substantiation.The findings and implications that carried out ICT intensive courses were also examined, particularly in association with teaching practices.Verma et al. 2019 have focused on the forecast of 2 most important constraints namely, educational benefits and usability by means of 4 classifiers such as SVM, KNN and DISC.Further, this work revealed that the upcoming awareness level for learning benefits was moderate or very high in Hungary and India.
Sar and Misra, 2020 have determined the elements that affect higher education's use of technology, the results of having easy access to ICT resources, and the ability of users to integrate ICT sources into the teaching and learning process.Cid et al. 2020 have presented a field experimentation, wherein students attained face-to-face and higher quality sessions united with ICTs, which required fostering healthy behaviour.Slechtova, 2015 have contributed to the present debate on ICT in high education role and usage.The outcomes may support further examination into the issues related to the subject and have provided valuable data for instructors and teachers who wish to make their courses more valuable to undergraduates.Nookhong and Wannapiroon, 2015) aimed to develop collaborative learning by means of "case-based learning via cloud technology and social media".This demonstrates that the adopted lesson plan has increased teaching effectiveness and has the potential to promote ICT literacy and problem-solving abilities.
Li, 2012 have analysed ICT-oriented learning problems from undergraduates of diverse schools on the Linyi campus.The study provided an ICT approach that CRHEI authorities have to consider for properly integrating ICT in their institution.Trushell et al. 2013 have described an illuminative analysis, which featured a survey mechanism that included 66 undergraduates of social science and Education.From the results, no noteworthy variations were found to capably report with the chosen software via age.Goktas and Demirel, 2012 explored the effect of deploying blogs on potential educators' perceived ICT perceptions and competencies in blog-improved ICT courses.The conclusion indicated that the majority of the contestants considered blogs to be a significant device that transformed their ICT awareness in an optimistic way and adapted them to ICT. Sedek et al. 2012 have identified the levels and types of universal technologies used amongst undergraduates from Malaysian technological universities.In fact, this represented "how undergraduates at higher learning in Malaysia use ubiquitous technology and the level of use of ubiquitous technology".Techataweewan and Prasertsin, 2018 have employed digital literacy markers for Thai undergraduates by means of mixed research techniques.The intention was to recognize the real description, indicators, and factors of digital education in Thailand.Ivanković et al. 2013 have determined the ICT literacy level, which was carried out amongst 807 undergraduates.The primary part was associated with individual characteristics of students, and the subsequent part included a test.The percentages of the precise responses amongst the students range up to 99.01%.
Chen and Wu, 2020 have analyzed the information collected from the questionnaire by means of the "partial-least-squares structural equation modelling multivariate data analysis" technique.The outcomes pointed out that perceived efficacy mainly influenced students' behavioural intent to utilize via attitude toward use.Hu et al. 2018 have considered ICT as multi-level constructs and scrutinized their associations with learner's reading, technical literacy, and math.The conclusion pointed out that nationalized ICT skills have more constructive effects on student educational performances.Boa et al. 2018 have adopted 2 phases associated with 2 research goals: 1) assessing 371 business undergraduates at "Naresuan University International College" regarding their critical assessment skills.Thus, the determination stage of their crucial thinking was observed and an instructional model was developed followed by substantiation by 5 experts.
In de-Marcos, et al. 2017 have reported data regarding the learning performances of undergraduates by means of 4 diverse motivating tools: "an educational game, a gamified plugin, a social networking website and a gamified social networking website".The data included variables of 4 post-test scores, 4 pre-test scores and a last assessment.Pheeraphan, 2013 have analyzed the impact of the amalgamation of ICT in classrooms for improving 21 st -century education skills.The findings indicate that integrating ICT into the classroom has greatly improved graduate and undergraduate students' 21st-century learning abilities.The goal of Xu and Du's 2019 study was to identify the parallels and differences in graduate and undergraduate students' satisfaction with DLs.Individual differentiations of users, namely; user experience, frequency of usage and age, had a noteworthy impact on students with DLs.Papastergiou et al. 2011 evaluated the efficiency of multimedia blogging, regarding the achievement of skills of specified basketball knowledge and self-efficacy in ICT.Contribution in the blogging actions encompassed an optimistic impact on the self-efficacy of students.Edgar et al. 2012 sought to consider required ICT assignments in specific undergraduate agricultural courses at a landgrant university throughout a ten-year period.It is necessary to expand the quantity and complexity of ICT in undergraduate agricultural courses.Charles and Issifu (2015) looked at secondary school pupils' perceptions and use of ICT.The analysis showed that students were using ICT less frequently to support their learning.The results of the exam indicate that students had higher expectations for accomplishment, perceived value, and perceived cost.
Kokkinos and Antoniadou, 2019 have investigated the relationship among numerous contextual and individual variables and CB/ CV amongst "Greek University undergraduates", depending on the GAM scheme.Results have shown that contestants who deployed the Internet more often achieved high CB.Niyigena et al. 2018 applied computer attitude level and proposed a forecasting scheme depending on the MLR scheme to find out the major factors that affected computer attitude for the execution of ICT-oriented learning environments.Ramos and de Andrade, 2016 intended to examine the insight of educators, who taught visually damaged undergraduates in secondary school and middle school educations.It was determined that the biggest barrier preventing instructors from truly integrating ICT into undergraduate education was a lack of specialized training.
Papastergiou, 2011 have aimed at designing and implementing 2 project-oriented optional courses on ICT in learning for undergraduates of the sport science and PE sector.Further, the instructor's experiences and students' responses were investigated in this work.Adetimirin, 2012 conducted an experiment the usage and accessibility of ICT and the ICT literacy skills of undergraduate students in 7 Nigerian institutions.Further, the 3 most important factors that have an impact on the undergraduate's ICT literacy were recognized as unbalanced power supply, insufficient ICT and restricted time of ICT usage.Ekenze et al. 2017 have evaluated the skills and usage of medical students' Internet equipment and their outlook on the appliance of such equipment in surgical learning.The study analyzed the application, utility, and knowledge of Internet equipment in surgical learning by means of a "5-point Likert scale".Woyo et al. 2020 have analysed the factors, which had an impact on how well ICT policies were implemented in Namibia's high school experiential learning environment.Certain challenges from the previous analysis were reconfirmed since they were examined from a diverse perspective.Woreta et al. 2013 have assessed the utilization and knowledge of ICT amongst health and medicine science students and its related factors in "Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar".The results have shown that students' skills were insufficient and exploitation of ICT was poorer.Nketiah-Amponsah et al. 2017 have analyzed students' skills with the usage of certain elected ICT applications and devices and their educational performances.In addition, the usage of e-mails exerted positive effects on academic performances, whereas the iPad had unconstructive effects on educational performances.
Selwyn, 2007 conducted an examination of 406 college students, ages 18 to 39, to discover if younger adults were still primarily viewing different components of ICT in terms that were gendered.Overall, the findings demonstrated how gender preconceptions continue to advance and be used as a framework for ICT references.The use of a computer game to teach ICT principles to sports science and physical education students was examined by Couceiro et al. (2013).Moreover, the game prototypes had a noteworthy constructive effect on undergraduate skills concerning the input concepts, interplay, output and their program, and it aided specific students to prevail over their misapprehensions.Verhoeven et al. 2016 have constructed a novel instrument for measuring the self-awareness of ICT use (53 items) and ICT skills (49 items).This allowed the discovery of certain patterns for ICT use and ICT skills.Both hypotheses were examined amongst bachelor's students, by means of some significant contextual variables.Heiman et al. 2017 have analyzed students' accessibility and knowledge of ICTs and analyzed students' view of ICTs deployed by lecturers training in a conventional postsecondary learning institution (Canada) and distance-based learning (Israel).The findings showed that Israeli undergraduates were more accessible, used ICTs more frequently, and contributed to increasing ICT utilization by university instructors.A study by Agyei and Voogt (2011) investigated the feasibility of using ICT for math tutoring at Ghana's higher education institutions.The preliminary outcomes have shown that Ghana maths teachers have not integrated ICT into their maths educations.Adesemowo et al. 2016 have illustrated the experiences with introducing e-assessment to first-year undergraduate ICT network courses for a larger population at a South African institution.Here, the research was found to be helpful to administrators, students, lecturers and teaching instructors, since it provided key opinions as guidelines for deploying e-assessment as a platform for active education.Barnard and Mostert, 2015 have investigated the value of merging 2 technical interferences, "tutorial screencasts and online quizzes", to enhance the learning experience of students in courses on student management accounting.Oluwasusi (2014) has examined the characteristics that impact how undeveloped students at tertiary institutions in the South Western Zone of Nigeria utilize ICT.Students were mainly masculine and were registered in student programs.ANOVA has shown a noteworthy variation in the ICT utilization level of students.Hossain and Sormunen, 2019 have assessed the self-estimated task-specific and overall ICT skills of LIS undergraduates in Bangladesh.The findings showed that pupils thought they had good general computer and internet skills.Sheard et al. 2010 analyzed students' commitment in 1 st year of undergraduate ICT level at an Australian institution.The study delved into conclusions regarding the alleged deficiency in student involvement and proposed strategies to enhance the degree of student dedication.Mohamedhoesein (2017) investigated how second-year Netherlands University students interacted with technology and how that connected to their feeling of identity and combination.The overall findings demonstrated that the use of cutting-edge communication technologies improved student-teacher interaction and minority students' persistence in higher education.The educational difficulties faced by undergraduates in African rural universities have been examined by Uleanya, 2020.The results of the studies have indicated that more attention has to be paid to the high caliber of academic instruction provided in prosperous African countries.
Odunola and Tella, 2020 have investigated the relationship between undergraduates' perceptions of OPACs' utility and their utilization of them in South West Nigerian institutions.The results of the investigation indicate that university undergraduates' use of OPAC was influenced by their perception of its value.Undergraduates' perceptions of using electronic resources in "the Kwara State University library" were examined by Bankole and Nasir in 2020.The results of the investigation showed that students thought the "Kwara State University library"'s electronic resources were insufficient.In McGill et al. 2014 have explored the ways, wherein, the ICT industries believed it has contributed to ICT research and education in institutions.The paper made suggestions for how industry and universities acted to fortify linkages.Ifinedo et al. 2018 have explored the functions or impacts of external support and usability variables (such as pleasure, perceived efficacy, and perceived ease of use) on undergraduate students' usage outcomes of "Moodle in a blended learning environment".Hu and McGrath, 2011 have described an analysis of ICT-associated teacher improvement in the framework of a "national reform of College English teaching in China".The discoveries pointed out that restricted pedagogic expertise and ICT skills were obstructions to the usage of ICT in English language teachings.Eyo, 2014 have analyzed digital partition in the exploitation of ICT in counsellor learning at Nigeria University.A direct delivery method was deployed for collecting data by means of t-test, standard deviation and mean.
Kim, 2012 has explored ways of utilizing ICT in pre-service tutor education to enhance and facilitate the creation of learning and teaching metaphors.Adesemowo et al. 2017 have developed a cloze questionnaire type to "mimic real-life" scenarios.Further, a correlation coefficient (Pearson) rate was observed among text-oriented and skills assessment of students.Patiar et al. 2017 have examined students' experience with a novel VFT of hotels.Undergraduates taking a "Food and Beverage Management course" contributed to this analysis.Students appeared to be more energetic than inactive learners, and the VFT surroundings aided in the progression of basic business graduate skills.Muriithi et al. 2016 have focused the condition of ICT uses by educational staff in a certain South African nursing training college.In spite of advancements in ICT usage in global nursing education, demands existed to deploy it in elected educational institutions.Gonen et al. 2016 have established "how ICTs are being used to support collaborative research in Kenya", and identified parameters in ICT ecosystems, which contributed to their usage and adoption.This work identified 4 foremost constructs, which affected the implementation of technologies "performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions and social influence".
Capel et al. 2017 promoted a novel teaching strategy for undergraduate PDC courses that deployed code patterns.Assessment of the academic performances of students using this technique has exposed better enhancement in the grades of students.Tiainen and Berki, 2019 have focused on the educational field through a gender-aware analysis of ICT academics.In addition, this work continued earlier gender-focused conversations of Higher Education Studies by offering an organizational viewpoint.Valentín et al. 2013 have analyzed the association among diverse uses of ICTs and the education results.It further examined the association between learning policies and the usage of ICT.Duţă and Martínez-Rivera, 2015 emphasized the significance of deploying novel technology in university education that was noteworthy for teachers' feasibility for implementing into teaching as the technique of suggestion for combined works for developing the required skills.
(Yıldırım and Şanlı 2023) focused on the internal consistency reliability, factor structure, criterion validity, and predictive validity of the Turkish version of the CIS in order to investigate its psychometric qualities in university students for the first time.A cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from 486 students enrolled in a public institution in Turkey.Using an online survey, participants answered the CIS and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6.(Jabbour et al. 2023) conducted questionnaire-based cross-sectional study set out to find out how Lebanese university students perceived the influence of social media during the COVID-19 epidemic and how much false information affected respondents' decisions about vaccinations and mental health.A total of 440 students participated and answered questions about social media trust, the "general health questionnaire index" (GHQ-12), and "attitude towards vaccination" in an online survey.According to our data, there was a low prevalence of mental health illnesses among university students in Lebanon.(Hassan et al. 2023) investigated the correlation between self-concept and internet addiction, gender, and the collaborative connection among Kwara State University, Malete undergraduate students.Using practical sampling approaches, four hundred university undergraduates were chosen from among the participants in their various departments at the university.The report makes several recommendations, including that school counselors and legislators hold conferences, seminars, and workshops to teach kids on the need of having a realistic and impartial self-evaluation and self-concept.

Analysis of Cronbach Alpha
Table 3 displays the analysis of Cronbach alpha for various research works.When observing the below Table 3, the values of Cronbach alpha varies differently for every research (Richa Singh et al. 2019, Buabeng-Andoh et al. 2015, Nketiah-Amponsah et al. 2017, Verhoeven et al. 2016, Heiman et al. 2017, Agyei et al. 2011, Nasser Mohamedhoesein et al. 2017, Mfon Eyo et al. 2014).Here, a maximum rate of 0.93 is achieved by (Richa Singh et al. 2019) and the lowest rate of 0.31 is achieved by (Verhoeven et al. 2016).Also, the rest of the research like (Buabeng-Andoh et al. 2015, Nketiah-Amponsah et al. 2017, Heiman et al. 2017, Agyei et al. 2011, Nasser Mohamedhoesein et al. 2017, Mfon Eyo et al. 2014) have obtained Cronbach alpha rates of 0.83, 0.763, 0.91, 0.82, 0.71, 0.80 respectively.From this evaluation, the performance of various types of research is analyzed to show the impact of ICT on undergraduates.

ReSeARCH GAPS AND CHALLeNGeS
• Teachers require specified professional advancement opportunities to increase their capability to utilize ICT for decisive learning evaluations, individualized instructions, accessing online sources, and developing student collaboration and interaction.• These educations in ICT have to definitely impact teachers' common attitude towards ICT in the classroom; however, it must also offer specified management on ICT learning and teaching within every discipline (Barnard and Mostert, 2015).• To aid teachers since they vary their training, it is also necessary for supervisors, educational managers, decision-makers and teacher educators, to be skilled in ICT usage (Puckree et al. 2015;Gonen et al. 2016).• To ensure the funds made in ICT profited undergraduates, supplementary conditions should be met.Policies in schools require offering schools with minimal satisfactory infrastructures for ICT, together with affordable and stable internet connection and secure metrics namely; site blockers and filters.• Policies of teachers require fundamental discipline-specified usages, ICT usage in educational settings, and ICT literacy skills.Successful execution of ICT necessitates the incorporation of ICT in the set of courses (Verhoeven et al. 2016;Vega-Hernández et al. 2018).• Lastly, digital contents require to be expanded in the local language and it should reveal local cultures.Thus, ongoing organizational, human, and technical support on the above-mentioned issues is required to ensure access and effectual usage of ICTs.

CoNCLUSIoN
An extensive overview of the effects of ICT on undergraduates has been provided by this publication.
Reviewing a variety of works, their performances were presented.Additionally, this survey examines the different ICT-based system performances.In conclusion, • About 68 research publications have been analyzed for this work, which also provides an explanation of the remarkable analysis of the impact of ICT among undergraduates.• The review has examined the various performance metrics utilized in every researches.
• Additionally, the best performances in each piece were examined and succinctly summarized.
• Lastly, a variety of research topics have been presented in this work that may encourage analysts to look into the impact of ICT among undergraduates further.
These findings will be combined with those expected from the literature review on mobile-based ICT skills to provide a comprehensive set of ICT capabilities for students pursuing higher education.Future studies could be considering the mediator role to find the causeeffects of results and carry out the survey in more universities.Likewise, it is possible to conduct the study at private and public universities regarding the students' perception of knowledge sharing in ICT.

CoNFLICTS oF INTeReST
We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

FUNDING STATeMeNT
No funding was received for this work.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Pictorial representation of various models adopted for examining the impact of ICT among undergraduate students