A Complete Validated Learning Analytics Framework: Designing Issues from Data Use Perspective

2. Literature Review

Learning analytics is rooted in data science, artificial intelligence, practices of recommender systems and business intelligence. Cooper (2012) suggested that a single definition of LA is impossible because of the broad range of perspectives and motivations involved. For instance, Siemens (2010) defined LA as “the use of intelligent data, learner-produced data, and analysis models to discover information and social connections, and to predict and advise on learning.” Fournier, Kop and Sitlia (2011) considered LA as “the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs.” Van Barneveld, Arnold and Campbell (2012) defined LA as “the use of analytic techniques to help target instructional, curricular, and support resources to support the achievement of specific learning goals.”