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Top1. Introduction
At present, the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) industry grows with a high speed. Gartner, an information technology (IT) industry consultant, asserted that US$3.5 trillion was spent by ICT industries in 2011, emphasizing in consumer mobile, virtualization and security devices or software (Burt, 2010). Fast development of ICTs industry and the potentials in contributing to social welfare and economic growth attract an increased number of investors and governments have moved their targets and attention to this field (e.g. Saxenian 1994, 2007; Rai et al. 1998; Kauffman and Techatassanasoontorn, 2009; Sachs, 2008). In order to maximize the benefits of ICTs in all the fields and promote the development of technology innovation (Koç, Turan, and Okursoy, 2016), more scholars move the attention from technological innovation to inter-disciplinary studies, with the factors influencing usage of technology and mercerization of technology be the main focus Bogart and Wichadee, 2015; Davis, 1989, 1993; Hew, Lee, Ooi, and Wei, 2015; Oye, Iahad, and Ab.Rahim, 2014; Venkatesh, Thong, and Xu, 2012). As one kind of products applying Information and Communication Technologies, the mobile services have attracted a series of studies to explore the antecedents of the users’ intentions to use such newly developed technologies (Koç, Turan, and Okursoy, 2016). A few researchers explore the mobile services development (Conti, Militello, Sorbello, and Vitabile, 2009; Julien and Roman, 2006; Safar, Sawwan, Taha, and Al-Fadhli, 2009) and mobile and wireless networks (Durresi and Denko, 2009; You and Hara, 2010). In addition, some factors are reported to affect the intentions of users, including willingness (Gao, Krogstie, and Siau, 2011), prices (Blechar, Constantiou, and Damsgaard, 2006) and inter-convertibility and subjective norms (Schierz, Schilke, and Wirtz, 2010). However, the identification and mechanism of potential influential factors of adoption of mobile service remain unclear (Gao, Krogstie, and Siau, 2011).
Some scholars (e.g. Dlodlo, 2009; Vega-Hernández, Patino-Alonso, and Galindo-Villardón, 2018) pay attention to the role of the Information and Communication Technologies in education because of the positive effect of ICTs in makes teaching - learning process effective and interesting (Kumar, 2008). In the meanwhile, mobile services, as a kind of ICTs, have been increasingly applied in large numbers of colleges for teaching and learning (Kim, Mims, and Holmes, 2006). It was reported that over 90% public universities and 80% private universities in America had adopted mobile wireless devices for academic purposes (Swett, 2002). The forms of mobile wireless devices can be divided into various types, including web-enabled wireless phones (for example, smart phones), web-enabled wireless handheld computers (for example, palmtop, and tablet computers), wireless laptop computers, and Personal Digital Assistants (Kim, Mims, and Holmes, 2006). Additionally, Thornton and Houser (2001) asserted that more institutions would require students and staffs use mobile wireless phones for educational purposes. There are series of benefits of using mobile service for education. McKenzie (2001) asserted that the comparative advantages of mobile service when it was compared to traditional way of education can be summarized as the ease of movement, relaxed fit, strategic deployment, low profile, flexibility, cleanliness, convenience, simplicity, high speed and small size. Furthermore, using mobile educational service can increase efficiency and effectiveness of teaching, self-learning, group discussions, and student participation (Shim and Shim, 2001; Jones, Connolly, Gear, and Read, 2002).