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Top1. Introduction
The advancement in the internet has progressed quickly in ancient times, devising several applications, including transport, entertainment, industry, and education. In these years, several services, devices, and protocols are designed wherein the internet grew exponentially. The upcoming worldwide network is IoT, in which a huge number of things are part of the internet that can devise novel opportunities. The things like identification of radio frequencies, sensor nodes, and wireless gadgets interact with each other and with the classical network to offer futuristic applications and create various solutions for addressing the research communities (Kharrufa, et.al., 2019). IoT overlaid path for devices with less power to befall component of the network and donate to compilation and data swap to meet the deployed models' needs. The exploitation of these models transfigured information exchange and tasks in different domains, including monitoring health and the environment. Thus, energy-aware routing is most important for IoT applications (Safara, et.al., 2020). The energy consumption is more significant for the IoT applications because 50% of energy consumption is by heating effect; 80% is from houses. Hence, energy efficiency is considered an important aspect in IoT applications (Metallidou, et al., 2020). Besides, the security plays an important role in the IoT applications. Hence, for secure data-sharing, a suitable authentication mechanism is necessary (Saxena, et al., 2021). The majority of IoT applications focused on scrutinizing discrete events which produce a huge amount of data. Sensors help to provide a secure connection between the devices for the data transmission (Bhushan, et al., 2021). The huge IoT applications utilized wireless networks for data transformation and communication, which confront security related issues (Souri & Norouzi, 2019). Besides, with the help of a unique identifier, the data can be accessed without human intervention (Sethi, et al., 2020), but privacy issues exist (Saxena, et al., 2021).
For IoT networks, the minimization of power usage and less delay is imperative to facilitate efficient transmissions. The small world's features represent that the count of hops is minimized by adding shortcuts in the network. The features of the world, the less-power devices can exchange data by minimal hops to save energy and simultaneously can minimize the overall delay. Hence, it is important to devise IoT routing methods controlling the small world features (Jiang, et.al., 2019). Multipath routing is more effective than presently utilized routing methods. It can minimize congestion by deviating traffic on unexploited networks, improving network utilization, and balancing loads (Iyer, et.al., 2002). The multipath routing protocols aimed to send data using different paths and provide communication that provides load balancing and reliability for minimal energy consumption (Dhumane & Prasad, 2018). For routing, the congested links resulted in reduced performance and high variance. The routing with different paths can provide stable and smoother data (Bertsekas & Gallager, 1992). The techniques based on multipath routing splitted traffic between provided paths and examined in flow control. The choice of routing poses several impacts on the resultant's efficiency. Even though several flow-control techniques are used for routing, but its performance is altered with different path sets (Banner & Orda, 2007).