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Top1. Introduction
The commonly known human identity management methods are premised on ownership (such as identity and smart cards) and acquaintance (such as Personal Identification Number (PIN) and password). The ownership methods are prone to theft, counterfeiting, right violation forgetfulness among others (Mahmoud et al., 2020). The acquaintance techniques are used for strengthening the ownership-based methods which often require regular documentations and other unpleasant consequences (Momani, 2020; Pellerin 2004). Biometric-based human identity management systems have emerged as reliable, secure and dependable solutions to these limitations and have been deployed in numerous government and private applications (Yadav et al. 2011; Mahmoud et al., 2020; Lavanya et al., 2022). Biometrics is the capacity and numerical examination of people's inimitable physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physiological characteristics include face, facial thermogram, iris, eye vein, fingerprint, palm print, ear, nose, and DNA while physiological biometrics are signature, typing rhythm, voice and gait. Any of the physiological or behavioral characteristics is required to satisfy the criteria of universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, acceptability and circumvention (Soltane and Bakhti 2012; Jain et al. 1999). Universality connotes that all the members of the population possess the characteristic while uniqueness implies there are no resemblance for multiple individuals (Ahmed et al., 2020). By permanence, the characteristic does not change with time while collectability means quantitative measurement of the characteristic must be possible and with ease. Performance refers to practicable recognition/confirmation precision with varied working or environmental factors. Acceptability indicates the extent to which people are willing to accept the characteristic while circumvention refers to how difficult it is to fool a system. The relative comparison of the performance of the existing biometric characteristics (shown in Figure 1) based on the mentioned criteria is presented in Table 1 (Iwasokun et al. 2015; Yun 2002).