Codebook Co-Development to Understand Fidelity and Initiate Artificial Intelligence in Serious Games

Codebook Co-Development to Understand Fidelity and Initiate Artificial Intelligence in Serious Games

Werner Siegfried Ravyse, A. Seugnet Blignaut, Chrisna R. Botha-Ravyse
Copyright: © 2020 |Pages: 17
DOI: 10.4018/IJGBL.2020010103
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Abstract

This study aimed to identify and rank the serious game fidelity themes that should be considered for retaining both the learning potential and predicted market growth of serious games. The authors also investigated existing links between fidelity and AI. The methodology unraveled serious game fidelity through the co-development of a theory- and data-driven codebook, applying the constant comparison method for data analysis. The theory-driven codes stemmed from literature while the data-driven codes emerged from a heuristic user interface evaluation of a comic book style game, named ExMan. This article identifies five fidelity themes, with functional fidelity as most important, and postulates that functional fidelity is most suited to AI integration. This study delivers a fidelity-for-serious-games codebook and concludes that observing the suggested fidelity hierarchy could safeguard that neither digital game-based learning is watered down, nor the lustre of digital gameplay dulled. Furthermore, the authors hold that AI for serious games should be given a high design priority.
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Fidelity

Fidelity, in a gaming context, is often affirmed as the accuracy with which a virtual world approximates reality (Alexander, Brunyé, Sidman, & Weil, 2005). This definition is broad with reason. Petridis et al. (2012) unravels fidelity for their engine selection framework into two categories, namely audiovisual and functional fidelity. Petridis et al. (2012) respectively explain these categories under the activities of: (a) rendering, animation, and sound; and (b) scripting, supported AI techniques and physics. Alexander et al. (2005) confirm this categorisation, summarising the three functional fidelity activities as simulation accuracy; and add a psychological fidelity category, with emotional content, noise, and time pressure as its properties. Alexander et al. (2005) further elaborate on psychological fidelity as the extent to which the game is able to elicit similar psychological responses a player would experience when confronted with a similar real-world environment. In a systematic literature review on the success factors of serious games (Ravyse, Blignaut, Leendertz, & Woolner, 2017), the authors note that non-player character (NPC) response can be placed alongside simulation accuracy as an added property of functional fidelity. McMahan, Bowman, Zielinski, and Brady (2012) propose that, with the widespread accessibility of gesture-controlled consoles and games, interaction fidelity with the property, which this article terms as locomotive precision, is also part of the overall depiction of fidelity. Interaction fidelity also includes navigational freedom, or the process of wayfinding and navigation during gameplay (Harrington, 2011). Navigational freedom is noteworthy because it has a significant combinatorial effect, with visual fidelity, on learning with serious games (Harrington, 2011). Figure 1 gives a visual summary of the literature pertaining to fidelity in the context of digital games.

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