Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Minimization of Power Loss and Voltage Deviation

2. Problem Formulation

The objective of the ORPD problem is to minimize real power losses or bus voltage deviation satisfying equality and inequality constraints of real and reactive power balance, capacitor bank limits, voltage bus limits, transformer tap changer limits, and transmission line limits. In addition, voltage deviation (VD) of load buses is very important in ORPD problem. Mathematically, the ORPD problem is formulated as follows:

2.1. Objective Function

The main objective function of ORPD is to minimize total power losses:

(1) and minimize the voltage deviation:

(2)

2.2. Constraint Factors

The real and reactive power balance at buses:

(3)

(4)

Voltage and reactive power limits at generator buses:

(5)

(6)

Limit of capacitor banks:

(7)

Limit of transformer tap changers:

(8)

Limit of voltage at load buses and power on transmission lines:

(9)

(10) where S_l is the maximum power in transmission lines between bus i and bus j determined as follows:

(11)