2.1 E-Government Framework
Paskaleva (2008) proposed a city e-readiness in Europe that entails an understanding of city e-governance, e-government, and e-democracy. Each component of e-readiness contains different systems (e.g., e-discussion, e-forums, e-surveys, etc.) that could empower residents in a city. Balahadia et al. (2017) implemented this framework. Georgiadis and Stiakakis (2010) provided a list of e-government services for citizens and businesses. The list included 12 services for the citizens and 8 for businesses, such as income taxes, job search, social security benefits, personal documents, car registration, building permission, a declaration to the police, public libraries, certificates, enrolment to higher education, an announcement of moving, and health-related activities.
Nguyen et al. (2014) proposed a framework that indicates the relationship between the government, stakeholders, and Big Data and Electronic Records Management (ERM). The main purpose of the framework was to collect and generate information which is considered as a key building block of good governance. In another study, Lee-Geiller and Lee (2019) investigated the relevance of municipal e-government practices relative to the needs of its citizens. Through a mixed-method approach, the study showed that municipal e-government practices were highly developed in basic online services (e.g., information publication) but less developed in terms of citizen engagement. The study recommended that local and national websites could provide functionality where its citizens can file complaints or send comments.
The frameworks above provided a high level of abstraction that is applicable at the national or municipal levels. Thus, a detailed, fine-grained e-government framework relevant to the services offered by the barangay is needed.