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The global green revolution can develop food security across the globe and increase the economic conditions in rural households (Zhou, Zhou, Gan & Wang, 2018). Moreover, there are excess agriculture crops that can fulfil the current food demand of the world population. The green revolution, which is based on farm modernisation, uses fossil fuel, inorganic fertiliser, chemical-based pesticides, and technologies that can produce greenhouse gases (GHG) (Wanglin & Awudu, 2018). On the other hand, intensive farming practices can reduce soil fertility due to the heavy use of mechanisation and other intensive farming practices (Small, Brown & Munguia, 2016). It is predicted that the world population might reach 9 billion by year 2035. The current food system needs to produce more supplies and reduce GHG emissions to meet the food and industrial demands from the agriculture industry (UNFAO, 2018).
The growing concern for the environment and the increasing food demands needed a sustainable agriculture system (Lapple, 2013), such as CAPs. CAPs can increase farm yield, improve farmers’ income, and reduce the environmental effect from agriculture (UNFAO, 2018). World development agencies promotes CAPs for the last three decades, but the acceptance of CAPs remains at a low level (Kassam, Fridrich & Derpsch, 2018). Farmers are agricultural entrepreneurs who decide whether to adopt certain farming practices. The insignificant adoption of CAPs had motivated this study to explore the adoption behaviours of farmers by considering their personal, social, and CAPs-related attributes (Ibrahum, Hassan & Gusau, 2018).
Moreover, UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) include proposing the sustainability of food production and consumption that is labelled as SDG 12, and SDG 13 deals with the environmental consciousness among the public (FAO, 2018). The awareness and adoption of farmers regarding CAPs are significantly affected by CAPs attributes that are different from the personal characteristics of the farmers. Individual beliefs and inclination can motivate the intention to use CAPs (Borges, Tauer & Lansink, 2016).
The economy of Pakistan is dependent on agriculture, and Pakistan is facing climatic changes (Zulfiqar & Thapa, 2017). The agriculture sector provides 50% of the employment in the country, which is about 21% of the country’s GDP (MOF, 2019). Besides, the agriculture sector supplies food and essential industry requirement. The green revolution can produce higher yields and increase the farmers’ income (D’Souza & Mishra, 2018). Currently, the country is facing a decline in yield, and soil degradation is critical (Zulfiqar & Thapa, 2017). Hence, the used of CAPs is suggested to improve soil yield and future productivity (FAO, 2018). It is reported that CAPs adoption in Pakistan is about 1% of the total cultivable farmland (Kassam et al., 2018). The Adoption as a personal choice depends on the personal factors of the farmers (Bukchin & Kerret, 2018). This study aims to explore the CAPs adoption among the rice farmers based on their perception of CAPs attributes, such as age, education, and experience. To achieve global food system resiliency, it is important to explore the adoption behaviour of farmers in formulating a policy for the sustainability goals.
The following are the outline of this paper. The next section presents the relevant literature of the farmers’ personal inclination towards innovativeness, trust on extension, profit orientation, environmental attitude, and perception of CAPs characteristics on performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. Moreover, this paper also discusses the intention to adopt and use CAPs, use of CAPs. The subsequent section presents the method based on the literature review and hypotheses development. The analysis and results are reported in Section 4 and 5, respectively. The conclusions, future research opportunities, and study limitations are reported in Section 6.