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TopIn this section, we discuss the background work done on the low power and lossy networks routing process.
In recent years, various strategies have been proposed to extend the lifetime of LLN. In that, Cluster based routing is a prominent approach to enhance the lifetime of LLN. Tanet al. (2017) proposed the cluster based RPL to reduce the overhead of DODAG Information Object (DIO) and DODAG Advertisement Object (DAO) control messages. It extends the network lifetime of LLN. Zhang et al., (2017) proposed Improved RPL, an energy efficient routing protocol for WSN. It has two processes, cluster formation and topology control, to select the best route for data transfer. It determines the efficient route on different levels in the networks. Zhao et al., (2017) proposed an energy efficient cluster parent routing protocol (HERPL) to increase the reliability and energy efficiency of LLN. It applies the timer-based priority scheduling algorithm to form a cluster parent set. It considers the data loss rate and energy consumption, to select the best route from the participant node to DODAG root. The limitation of this protocol is, congestion may occur during the data transmission. Zhao et al., (2017) proposed opportunistic routing protocol (ORPL), to improve the network lifetime and reliability of data transfer.