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Top1. Introduction
Knowledge, technology, and mutual environments enhancements are the state of superior learning outcome. This intensification of web informational content increased the difficulties of find the relevant content quickly and efficiently. For end-users, idiosyncratic e-learning scenarios are diverse in learning information or guidance and content-based electronic learning environment (modern learning) is one of them (Salmon, 2003). The modern learning or e-Learning in contrast to traditional education systems offer a lot of benefits. The e-Learning provides an intellectual and efficient way to enhance the range of knowledge, communication and distribution across all the areas of learning. These enhancements, in contrast to modern educational systems have become an important part of daily life for millions of users for achieving their learning goals (Voorhees & Harman, 2005). The learning goals are only effective if learners use them to pinpoint and process goal-relevant information. Arguably, the clarification of learner’s goal is a paramount motive of any learning environment. The abusement of learning goals will lay down the leaner’s interest and end-users could not grab the knowledge as per their goal or requirement. The researchers in e-Learning admired from the importance of learning goals and adopted this term in e-Learning environment (Dinuzzo, Pillonetto, & De Nicolao, 2011). The reason behind the adoption of learning goals is to support the growth of e-Learning scenario, encourage the interest of learners, and distribute goal-relevant knowledge or information as per their goal-directive activities. This is accomplished by encompassing the range of media, web-based tools, and technological environments such as information retrieval (IR) (M.Chughtai, B.Selamat, & Ghani, 2013).
The information retrieval (IR) systems are being used to retrieve informational learning content and help the users to find their required information. Particularly, these sort of information retrieval systems require some query or a set of keywords from user as input, such as users’ required learning contents (Shishehchi, Banihashem, Zin, & Noah, 2011). The reason of discouraging this strategy is that the user spends a lot of time for visiting every page to get the particular learning content. This process takes a lot of searching time and although cuts the users interest. However, recommender systems (Ghauth & Abdullah, 2010); offers more flexibility to decrease the content searching time, increase the user’s interest, and provide the recommendations relevant to user’s goals or interests (P.di Bitonto, M.Laterza, T.Roselli, & V.Rossano, 2010).
Recommender or recommendation system steadily “system” interchanged with “platform or engine”, is a branch of information retrieval, which filters the result in three ways; namely, content-based filtering CBF, collaborative filtering CF and hybrid filtering HF (Lara, 2004). In content-based filtering CBF only recommends relevant learning contents to users that are similar to the ones they preferred them self’s in the past (Adomavicius & Tuzhilin, 2005). In collaborative filtering CF, the users recommend relevant items/learning contents that other users with similar interest and preferences liked in the past (Ghazanfar & Prugel-Bennett, 2010). The hybrid filtering HF is a third way of e-learning recommender systems to tackle the filtering results (Burke, 2002). The HF basically, hibernates the features of CF and CBF, somehow the encouraged researchers combine some adopted machine learning techniques or approaches with CBF or CF or sometimes with the combination of both to emerge the artificial Intelligent aspects in it. These adaptations construct the intelligent hybrid approaches that drive the way of knowledge and management in an automotive intellectual era; perhaps it depends upon the controversial issues, and domain requirements.