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Over the last decade, networks have increasing influences on the progress in development along with integrated space-ground networks for communication technologies. The trend of communication networks with the complex combination of satellites and its functions to manage and control efficiently. The technological advances focus on broadband coverage to design data services (SATCOM, broadband) (Kodheli). The strength of elemental and broadcasting for satellite communication systems imparts an opportunity in comparison with general terrestrial networks (Wang et al., 2020). Satellite Communication (SATCOM) in non-geostationary analyzes the performance and secrecy probability with the characteristics state on the downlink of the non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) and land mobile communication (LMC) system (Xiao et al., 2019) (Li et al., 2019). Moreover, the satellite network routing protocol classifies into cryptography-based routing, trust management-based routing, multipath-based routing (Yan et al., 2019). The end-to-end delay in satellite networks has propagation delay, processing delay, and queue delay. To improve the routing policies and shortest path, the Adaptive Routing Algorithm (ARA) adequately reduces the delay in communication, link distance, and sustains the shortest path (Wang et al., 2019). If the shortest path is chosen by all packets, the number of packets processing can be increased in the network so the congestion avoidance is determined.
With SDN, congestion avoidance is more comprehensible and effective (Guo et al., 2017) and has the setback of integration of satellite-ground networks. For the next-generation satellite networks, it is sought-after to form a networking prototype to dissertation the challenges. Software-defined networking (Lopes et al., 2016) (SDN-programmability, flexibility, configuration in networks), and network virtualization (Mijumbi et al., 2016) (NV-resource sharing, dynamic allocation, network management) are collected to enhance the performance of data communication, computing, and caching, respectively. SDN, a new network (Muthamil Sudar & Deepalakshmi, 2020), open programmable interfaces, centralized control for better network services. SDN has the opportunities and simplistic network management (Trois et al., 2016) and with a handle of the network, resources customize the on-demand networking.
The discussion of SDN architecture has three main ideas: (i) decoupled the control and data planes, (ii) centralized control layer to regulate the network states, and (iii) north-bound interfaces (NBI) and south-bound interfaces (SBI) uses the protocol for communication (i.e., OpenFlow). With the OpenFlow Configuration (OF-Config), Open vSwitch Database Management Protocol (OVSDB), and Management Protocol, the SDN Controller configures the forwarding devices and process the operations - Send Packet Out, Packet Received, and Modify (Duan et al., 2016) (Xie et al., 2015). Although, nurture toward SDN and NFV (SDN-NFV) made, the problem from various aspects arises. SDN-NFV focuses on the layer and plane dimensions for providing an abstract (higher) level of service (Duan et al., 2016) (Fiore et al., 2017). NV, resource sharing, to solve the existing problems and have the ideas to create the services, decouple the network function from physical devices, and implement the functions on virtual machines using hypervisors (Kaur et al., 2020) (Li, Zhou, Luo et al, 2018).
Recently, new satellite technologies emerged as high-performance satellite networks with the advantage of enabling integration with terrestrial networks. SDN (communication networks) and NFV (network virtualization) has evolved the performance and the QoS (Quality of Service) delivery to satellite end-user. This paper integrates SDN/NFV, the Internet with the satellite-ground network (IntSG) for emerging studies and automated efficient service functions provided to end-users for large-scale coverage.