The Iranian Wheat Growers’ Climate Information Use: An Actor-Network Theory Perspective

Introduction

Climate information has become recognized as a basic production factor affecting agricultural systems (Harrison & Williams, 2007). This is while, despite significant improvements in the climatic information production in the last decade (Subbiah et al., 2004; Ziervogel et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2006; Artikov et al., 2006), farmers as focal decision makers of farm systems and main users of uncertain Agricultural Climate Information (ACI), have not altered management decisions to take advantage of this type of information (Articov et al., 2006; Hu et al., 2006; Nazemos'sadat et al., 2006).

The issue of not considering climate information in farming decisions was scholarly investigated from different perspectives. Existing literature on economic and management research related to climate science indicates that the methodologies commonly used in modeling decision-making are based on the assumption that users have an idealized response to the information (Sherrick et al., 2000). However, as human actors are not always optimizing, rational and idealized decision-makers, smallholder farmers will not all make the same decisions in the same way and in isolation (Ziervogel, 2004).

In contrast to an earlier wave of optimism in economic and management science regarding the use of climate information, psychological theories aim to explain the relation between intention and action in particular contexts and in relation to specific practices. The scholarly literature reveals that these theories have also been criticized by some psychologists (Richetin et al., 2008) for relying on analyses of correlation, rather than causes, and for assuming too much about the instrumental relation between attitude and intention (May & Finch, 2009). Therefore, in the 1980s, a growing interest in the social foundations of behaviour within the Information Systems (IS) field led to a shift towards a broader perspective with the continuum of theories, all of which examine the relationships of individuals and technology, the varying influences that affect these relationships and how together they influence technology adoption and use. Giddens' structuration theory, Bijker's social construction of technology, Orlikowski and Gash’s technology frames, and Latour and Callon’s sociology of translation (Actor-Network Theory – ANT) are amongst this stream of attempts (Mac Leod, 2001), which are now used much more extensively in investigating information systems and IS adoption. The ANT approach by posing opportunities to function as a go-between for the two extremes of actor and system perspectives, has inspired a number of IS researchers to conceptualise the interrelation of actors in the socio-technical contexts of systems development during the past decade (Walsham, 1997; Tatnall, 2000; Dunning-Lewis & Townson, 2004; Bakhshaie, 2008; Everitt-Deering, 2008).

Policy science, as another body of scholarship, focuses on different approaches available to study the characteristics of actors and networks. Stakeholder analysis (Cameron, 2005; Rubas et al., 2006; Lybbert et al., 2007), social network analysis (Ziervogel, 2004; Ziervogel & Downing, 2004; Ziervogel et al., 2005), and actor perception analysis (Bots et al., 2000; Hermans, 2008; Hermans & Thissen, 2009) are probably the most widely used approaches by environmental management in policy science literature.