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The pragmatic web emerges to solve the problem of human interaction in the semantic layer using meaning negotiation. This web represents a vision of the internet as a network of tools, protocols, and agents interacting to make and interpret meaning through actions (Jones, 2020). Meaning negotiation represents the process that allows agents to agree on the meaning of a set of terms while using efforts to increase collaboration in communities. The agents on the web use different data formats to represent their knowledge. However, the problem of meaning negotiation is in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain, more precisely in knowledge representation (KR). In e-business applications, negotiation plays an important role in gaining the trust of customers. However, bad negotiation can paralyze the business and lead to the loss of customers. Meaning negotiation is a part of this negotiation where it adds a new aspect. For example, if you have a company that wants to sell products, you present the product with all the features for the customer to decide on. However, if the client does not understand your jargon, the inevitable result is loss. Meaning negotiation will allow us to negotiate even the terms with the customer.
The conceptual model of the web (De Moor, 2005) presented pragmatic contexts in the real world. It distinguishes between shared semantic resources, such as domain ontologies, and individual pragmatic resources. In the individual distributed resources represent different contexts in the same domain. Each negotiator can call semantic resources in the domain for his own purposes. On every call, the negotiation becomes longer and can lead to disagreement. To avoid this problem, it is important to centralize or integrate all resources (domain and contextual). Among several approaches, the authors (Keskes & Rahmoun, 2017) adopted this model to improve meaning negotiation using ontologies merging in a commercial case study. Our work focuses on investigating the validity of the merging ontologies hypothesis on the Web conceptual model for several domains in different situations.
The main aim of the work is to realize a meaning negotiation scenario using an ontology merging method. Ontologies merging ideas on the conceptual model of the Web reduce the negotiation steps, which automatically improves the time consumed in the process. The contextual aspect in the pragmatic layer gives agents more opportunities to access relevant information for negotiation. It allows easier access to the searched data. The proposed solution extends the idea of (De Moor, 2005; Keskes & Rahmoun, 2017) by using different domain ontologies.