Moving Toward Culturally Restorative Teaching Exchanges: Using Restorative Practices to Develop Literacy Across Subject Area-Content

Background

Geneva Gay (2001) has defined culturally responsive teaching as matching teaching practices to “… the cultural knowledge, prior experiences, frames of reference and performance styles of ethnically diverse learners to make learning more relevant…” Extending culturally responsive teaching further, Boykins & Noguera (2011) suggest pairing the lesson’s objective with the higher order thinking skills embedded within the learner’s sociological and historical assets. Together, this blend of cultural responsiveness creates an inter-subjectivity or cultural congruence among teaching practices, the lesson’s objective and patterns of higher order thinking skills within the learner’s cultural affiliations, identity, modes of interaction, and styles of communication. Upon this framework, Nieto (2004) cast the use of culturally responsive teaching practices toward balancing social justice and civil rights in ways that reflect how learners of color see the world. By connecting higher order thinking skills embedded within the learner’s cultural patterns with teaching practices and the lesson’s objective culturally responsive teaching practices are useful for deconstructing the status quo, race, ethnicity, privilege, bias, and social class. Despite efforts to use responsive cultural teaching for building equity and affirming the diversity of students, and their communities, its practices remain underused (Siwatu, 2011). Until now, very little research has focused upon exploring the underuse of culturally responsive teaching practices. Previous research had not yet attempted to conceptualize how teacher efficacy mediates the use of culturally responsive teaching. Furthermore, little was known, about how variations in using culturally sensitive instruction shape teaching efficacy’s orientation toward individualism at the expense of using culturally responsive teaching practices to pursue the communalism of African-Americana and Latino-American cultural values. Understanding the factors that influence the underuse of culturally sensitive teaching was necessary for developing approaches or skills that enhance teacher efficacy in using the practices of culturally responsive education to advance urban learners of color toward the Human Right of fractal-interconnectedness valued by African-American and Latino-American cultural structures.