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Top1. Introduction
E-learning has become an alternative solution for the traditional learning. It has shifted the focus of learning process from the teacher-centered to learner-centered. From learner perspective this shift will give the learners more control to choose their learning materials and construct personal learning process (Saye, 1997). In this context the learners in e-learning system can select/access appropriate learning materials based on his/her demand. But most of the E-learning systems have limited possibilities because they display their contents statically (Vargas-Vera & Lytras, 2008). On the other hand, due to the big size of the web and lack of semantic of HTML pages (Paolucci et al., 2008), the search for learning materials has become a time/effort-consuming process. One of the aims of e-learning is to make its contents broadly accessible, searchable and reusable (Parrish, 2004). This content needs to store along with semantic description to move from human accessible to machine accessible (Emina, 2009). Moreover, the content needs to be searched and queried them semantically to improve the search results and facilitate the growth of web technologies. Managing a large quantity of documents involves administration efforts and certain strategies to arrange and order the contents (Mitschick, Pietschmann, & Meißner, 2010). Semantic web offer a promising approach to e-learning environment which ensure machine-process ability and interchangeability. Semantic web aims at introducing metadata to describe meaning of web resources in order to create environments that are capable of advance automatic processing of the web content by both human and software agents (Berners-Lee, Hendler, & Lassila, 2001).
Ontology, defined as a representation of a shared conceptualization of particular domain, is the backbone of semantic web. Ontology typically consists of description of concepts relevant for particular domain, their relations and axioms about these concepts and relationships. ontology may include relations of taxonomy among classes; data type properties and descriptions of class element attributes; object properties and descriptions of relations among class elements; class instances; and property instances. The data type properties and object properties are, collectively, the properties of a class. Ontology can be expressed in Description Logic such as Web Ontology Language-Description Logic OWL-DL (D. L. McGuinness & Van Harmelen, 2004).
On the other hand Web services can accomplish a loose coupling of process across organizational boundaries. It supports interoperability among client agents and services with a minimum interference of human agent in order to fulfill a particular task. Web services offer the potential to allow the organization to create content-based and logic driven information and knowledge-value chain in digital economy (Singh, Iyer, & Salam, 2005). The system that consist of a group of agents that can potentially interact with each other is called Multi-agent system MAS (Gladun et al., 2009). The MAS model has been used for further enhancing in different area such as e-commerce e-government. Bireshwar and Mishra (Mazumdar & Mishra, 2010) discussed the selection of seller agent based on competitive negotiation factor in B2C e-commerce. Arora and Devi (2011) have presents the model of funds allocation in education institute and monitoring the utilities of funds using MAS. Zouhair et al. (2013) have used the MAS and dynamic case based reasoning to improve the learning process by retrieve the past experience that are similar to learners’ trace.