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Top1. Introduction
WSN is the research topic nowadays enabling several real-time operations, such as tracking the environmental conditions, climatic and weather conditions (LS ThisaraKandambige., 2018), effective traffic controlling (Deepak Rewadkar and DharmpalDoye., 2018) prevention of disasters, monitoring and recognizing the health care issues (EmanueleCannizzaro, et al., 2020; ChoudhuryandAvishek., 2021), industry and enterprises management, and video surveillance (Akyildiz, et al., 2002; Mehra, et al., 2020; Shyjith, et al., 2020, Renjith Thomas and Dr. MJS. Rangachar., 2019). WSN is configured with a vast number of closely distributed nodes that collect and distribute the information detected from the environment(Loganathan, et al., 2020).Both the physical and environmental factors are effectively regulated and sensed using the sensor nodes present in WSN and the users can gather information from the collected data(Shyjith, et al., 2020). Such advantageous sensor nodes carry a small battery for performing different tasks like data communication and data processing that easily drain the energies in the nodes. Hence, the energy consumption should be minimized without affecting the behavior of the network and this aspectis a major concern in WSN as the huge energy loss reduces the lifetime of the networkleading to network failure (Pattnaik&Sahu, 2020; Li & Liu, 2009). Hence, the challenge relies on restraining the nodal energy while transmitting the data (Mehta &Saxena, 2020). Some of the well-organized algorithms such as clustering algorithms are also developed by various researchers to minimize the energyconsumed to improve the network's time(Soundaram&Arumugam 2020).
The clustering schemes employed in the WSNs enhance the longevity and the productivity of thenetwork(Pattnaik&Sahu, 2020). The clustering method divides all the sensor nodes in the form of logical groups and this cluster-based division is done to achieve scalability and energy efficiency in WSN(Mehta &Saxena, 2020). The main purpose of the clustering schemes is to choose the CHs among the categorized clusters and finallytotransmit the obtained information to the sink(Singh &Verma, 2017; Pattnaik&Sahu, 2020). For a long period, a single cluster node is made as coordinator for every nodewhich reduces the energyconsumedand as a result, the network lifetime is improvedgradually(Soundaram&Arumugam 2020). Due to these reasons, efficient energy-based routing is needed in WSN(Loganathan, et al., 2020) such that this energy effective routing plays an important role in improving the lifetime of the network. The routing protocols are the set of rules which are used to create an appropriate path inbetween the current node and the base station or sink node(BS). Generally, the routing protocol is categorized into three types based on the network structuressuch as hierarchical, location-based, and flat. Hierarchical-based routing is found to be the best choice among all the three types for its performance in energy scalability and efficiency(Lotf, et al., 2010). Routing based on the hierarchical structure is responsible forestablishing the clusters, with the CH as the controller of data gathering, accumulation, and distribution of data into the BS(Mehta &Saxena, 2020).