The HeritageCare project aims to help preserve historic monuments (classified and inventoried) by developing a diagnostic methodology based on BIM. This methodology is intended for owners of historic monuments and is interested in movable and immovable objects; it supports the missions of the DRAC. Outputs of this methodology will be: a regular diagnosis (visual and instrumented) of the state of their monument, recommendations in terms of routine maintenance and work to be undertaken, a management tool for the status of their monument.
This paper presents a state of the art of BIM applications that can be useful for the project developed, namely: HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling), risk analysis and maintenance methods. In a second step, the context of the project, the different levels of management planned and the development of HBIM proposed will be presented.
1.1. State of the Art
The problems of preservation of historic monuments and the different management policies of these monuments are described by F. Choay (1996, 2009) and J.P. Thibault (2009).
Murphy et al. (2013) define Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) as a library of parametric objects based on historic architectural data, in addition to a mapping system for plotting the library objects onto laser scan survey data.
D. Littlefield (2017) proposes a comparison between the contributions and expectations of BIM and HBIM. For him, BIM:
- •
Captures the building as it is intended to be, when HBIM captures the building as it is
- •
Is a resource and test of a structure yet to be constructed when HBIM is a resource describing a building which has already been constructed
- •
Is a resource which ensures a new structure conforms to codes and other parameters when HBIM is a “non-judgmental” resource describing an inherited structure which will inevitably deviate the ideal
- •
Is a design, construction, coordination and FM tool when HBIM is a tool which may record a structure prior to its loss or damage
- •
Is the known of the intended structure will never be more complete when HBIM will embody much of the unknown, including competing and evolving ideas
- •
Is an off-site – assembled to predict how a site will perform once changed when HBIM is an on site – a response to the site as found
- •
Etc.
What is retained for the HeritageCare project is that the digital model must represent the building as it is built, that it must be able to contain all the information useful for its maintenance, including the identification of all defects (qualitatively and quantitatively).
Counsell et al. (2003) illustrates the different information that is succinct to be included in a HBIM: photographs, video, plant ID, prints / paintings, historic text, typical queries (what heritage artefacts are visible in this image? What images is this artefact visible within? Where else can this heritage artefact be found? What videos shows this plant, ornament, structure? Which plants, ornaments, structures are visible in this video? etc.). This different information allows creating the HBIM: 3D model with GIS information and database associated. All of this information is available in France, but generally in paper form or dispersed in different databases. The interest of HBIM is then to bring together all the information useful to all stakeholders in the maintenance of historic monuments.
According to Sabry Hegazi (2017), HBIM can be an important tool in managing information for a group of buildings and sites, as it provides these benefits:
- •
Urban documentation in order to produce accurate land use
- •
Demographic maps creation as output to monitor large-scale sites and heritage cities
- •
Monitoring of urban growth by comparing satellite images
- •
Coverage of historic sites documentation by an infinite number of accurate photos that can be produced by different satellites at the same time
- •
Utilizing a variation of ultrasonic waves and frequencies to document invisible sites and reveal undiscovered desert heritage districts
- •
Saving documentation process time and money as well as human resources
- •
Enabling compatible documentation data for large sites in good quality
In this section, we will successively discuss the state of the art relating to Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM), the risk analysis associating BIM and the maintenance methods using BIM.