Article Preview
TopIntroduction
3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is the forthcoming radio access technology which incorporates Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) as the multiple-access scheme in downlink. Compared to existing Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based technologies (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA), LTE is more optimized for data service and achieves higher spectral efficiency. Furthermore, LTE brings the scenario of Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD). Hence it is very likely that LTE will be deployed to replace existing WCDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA in the future for the ever-increasing data traffic.
As the standardization of 3GPP LTE is still ongoing, the features defined will keep evolving along with the time as what has happened with 3G standards. Therefore, it is essential to design a scalable platform which supports the change of standard specifications without the redesign of hardware. The downlink receiver chain of an LTE modem is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Functional flow of an LTE Modem (physical layer only)
There are a number of design challenges for LTE such as frequency synchronization, channel estimation, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) detection, Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest (H-ARQ) and high-throughput forward error correction (FEC) decoding. Meanwhile, in order to cover legacy standards (e.g., WCDMA and DVB) and other new standards (e.g., WiMAX), either multiple Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) modems (one for each standard) have to be integrated into a chip or a programmable hardware which can handle multiple standards (Nilsson, Tell, & Liu, 2009) has to be used. The first solution not only consumes a significant amount of hardware, it also requires more integration work. The second solution is called software-defined radio (SDR) which exploits the similarity among different signal processing tasks to allow hardware multiplexing. SDR with an efficient architecture only consumes slightly more hardware while being able to support multiple standards, compared to single-standard ASIC solutions.
In Berkmann et al. (2008), implementation issues of an LTE modem is presented with insight to both the algorithms and their implementation cost estimation. However, to the best knowledge of the authors, detailed information of Software Defined Radio (SDR) based LTE modems are not yet available in literatures. In this paper:
- •
The architecture and implementation results of an LTE category 4 modem based on a novel programmable baseband processor, LeoCore of Coresonic (Nilsson, Tell, & Liu, 2009), is presented, which is the first SDR based LTE modem presented in the literature with architectural and performance information.
- •
The implementation of a MIMO detector that supports both MMSE and a novel low-complexity close-Maximum-Likelihood (close-ML) MIMO detection method is presented.
- •
The implementation of a parameterized parallel Radix-2 Turbo decoder that supports all block sizes is presented.
- •
The link-level performance of the complete LTE receiver is presented with various signal distortions taken into consideration. The degradation due to errors introduced in different processing stages is presented in the simulation result.
TopOverview Of 3Gpp-Lte Features
The LTE modem presented in this paper meets the physical layer requirements listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Supported LTE UE categories. 3GPP (2008)
| UE Category (CAT) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Supported Bandwidth | 1,4,3,5,10,15,20 MHz |
| Antenna Configurations | Up to 2x2 SM and SFBC |
| Num of Layers for SM | 1 | 2 |
| Max num of Soft-bits | 250368 | 1237248 | 1237248 | 1827072 |
| DL peak rate (Mbit/s) | 10 | 50 | 100 | 150 |
| UL peak rate (Mbit/s) | 5 | 25 | 50 | 50 |