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Top1. Introduction
In the last two decades, publications in the field of CALL have provided a strong collective body of knowledge about how the Internet and Web 2.0 technologies promote interactive and communicative language learning experiences in and out of the classroom. More recent research has explored the potential of new mobile technological tools such as smartphones for creating new learning opportunities as well as new and rich learning environments for language learners (e.g., Godwin-Jones, 2011; Shrestha, 2012; Stockwell, 2010). Research on the use of mobile technologies (particularly smartphones) as learning tools has emphasized the characteristics and affordance of these technological devices (Stockwell, 2013). The potential benefits of such mobile technologies in the context of language learning are also aligned with those in other educational contexts. These potential benefits include the following:
Accessibility (access to learning opportunities, experts/mentors, other learners); immediacy (on-demand learning, real-time communication and data sharing, situated learning); personalization (bite-size learning on familiar devices; promotes active learning and a more personalized experience); and intelligence (advanced features make learning richer through context-aware features, data capture, multimedia) (Pouezevara, 2012).
Other new mobile technologies, such as tablets and handheld MP3 players, have also found their way into educational contexts, especially in primary classrooms across the United States and Canada, and their potential has been examined under similar lenses. The benefits of using these new devices are still considered to be based mainly on their possibilities in terms of accessibility, immediacy, and intelligence to young learners in and out of the classroom (Hutchison, Beschorner, & Schmidt-Crawford, 2012).
However, new literature on the use of mobile technologies is redirecting the goals of using these mobile and handheld devices for the purpose of learning. This new literature, which is based on pedagogical approaches informed by socioconstructivist theories of learning, is concerned with “[enabling] learner-generated content and learner-generated contexts” (Cochrane, 2011, p. 252). The new mobile technologies are allowing the creation of new environments that hold great potential for authentic interaction, communication, and collaboration, as well as the construction and sharing of new content, thanks to the affordances of the technologies themselves as suggested by Hartson (2003):
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Cognitive affordance;
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Physical affordance;
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Sensory affordance;
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Functional affordance.
Moreover, new mobile technologies such as tablets and MP3 players have more enhanced hardware and OS capacities than any previous computers could offer, including new advanced built-in functionalities such as video cameras and voice recognition, as well as access to online software programs known as apps (short for “applications”). Voice recognition and other features such as audio and video recording and editing make it possible for learners to create new learning environments that were not available previously on personal computers such as laptops (Godwin-Jones, 2011).
The adoption of these emergent mobile technologies in the language classroom also has the potential for engaging language learners in creating their own content and in producing authentic language output through multimedia texts that include sounds and voice in the target language. The importance for students to generate their own output is well supported in the socioconstructivist second language acquisition (SLA) theoretical framework, which emphasized the need for oral language production through authentic dialogue, social interaction, and collaboration (Lantolf & Thorne, 2006).