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Top1. Introduction
Currently, scientific studies and advancement activities are being carried out in order to tackle obstacles including electric car battery packs and long-distance travel limits. In this scenario, EV charging points can be installed to be tethered/wireless, and their number is growing. Systems for wireless charging may be offered on the fly by installing the system across its route while travelling. Alternatively, the electric cars batteries can be recharged in the places designated for WPT in the automobile parking spaces. Inductive power transfer (IPT) and capacitive power transfer (CPT) are the two primary WPT technologies (CPT). Magnetic resonance couples transmitting and receiving coils and enables IPT in the highly coupled regime, whereas CPT is produced by electric field interaction between coupled capacitors (Regensburger et al., 2018). The pairing capacitance of such capacitors is determined by the device's accessible area (Kline et al., 2011). As a result, CPT is limited to applications that need minimal power and have very small air gaps. Wireless charging using WPT technology can assist in reducing these issues by providing a distinct division of subsystems and ease of usage. WPT–systems for electric vehicles are classified as stationary (SWPT), semi/quasi-dynamic (QDWPT), or dynamic charging systems (DWPT). SWPT systems are comparable to conventional chargers that plug-in, but they offer the benefits of WPT systems (Chopra and Bauer, 2011). According to research, WPT through inductive coupling is conceivable in the power array and competence necessary for charging EVs provided care and effective WPT designs are created (Klontz et al., 1993; Mecke and Rathge, 2004; Bosshard et al., 2016; Mohamed et al., 2019). Inductive power transfer has a poor efficiency when the air space between charging coils is increased, and it also includes wired chargers, whereas complete wireless charging solutions have been created to eliminate the shortcomings of IPT and make the charging system more practical for customers (Kalwar et al., 2015). The inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technology is well-known around the world for its high power transmission in a variety of approaches, most notably in electric cars (Boys et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2005). Furthermore, for analysis, the tuning of ICPT system parameters and coil size may be used to achieve high efficiency and increased misalignment toleration (Hasanzadeh et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2014). It offers a quick charging process, efficient power transfer via frequency fluctuation, and manages more failure owing to low down magnetic coupling. Based on these factors, this article compares the inductive coupling technique and the magnetic resonant coupling method of wireless charging systems. According to (Yousuf et al., 2021; Ahmed and Khalifa, 2020; Heidari et al., 2019), the quality factor intended for magnetic resonant coupling wireless charging of electric vehicles is around 20 greater than the quality factor necessary for inductive coupling at the same efficiency over a range of coupling coefficients. WPT for EVs may be implemented using a variety of theories, and the main issue in all of the study on the subject was the rate of received signal efficiency (Zhang et al., 2019c; Hou et al., 2016; Lukic and Pantic, 2013; Manshadi et al., 2017; Buja et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016a). The adoption of EVs in the market is low due to certain limitations in comparison to other vehicles. Enhanced efficiency and wireless charging system technologies improve the market for EVs (Kosmanos et al., 2018). The compact and simple structure of the EV also increases the interest of people in buying electric vehicles (Ning et al., 2013). Route planning and implementation is also a factor that is needed to be considered while introducing EVs (Hwang et al., 2017). Wireless transmission for longer distances like throughout the parking area seemed to be advantageous in charging the EVs so easily (Chatterjee et al., 2017). Optimal design and analysis of the EVs play a vital role in implementing the model successfully (Jang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2017b). Various optimization methods are used to improve the efficiency of the system (Shareef and Rao, 2018; Subramanyam et al., 2018; Tapre et al., 2019). Table 1 shows the reviews on the WPT system for EV applications. At first, an ABC algorithm was introduced in (Ustun et al., 2020), which is more accurate, simple, and minimizes the average percentage error. However, it has a major drawback of a slow process, high fitness evaluation, and easily stuck local optima. Force-based vehicle model was exploited in (Machura et al., 2020) that reduces the complexity and provides easy implementation with a high power level, but it has to focus more on optimal system parameters. LDEV approach was used in (Zhang et al., 2019d) that attain high output power and increase the switching frequency. However, Electromagnetic safety is considered a major challenge. In addition, an automated frequency tuning method was implemented in (Sahany et al., 2019) that maintain PTE and operate at a frequency greater than resonant frequency; anyhow, it is vital for any system to address the tightly linked zone.Inductive-Coupling Method was presented in (Daida, 2019) that provides better performance and reduces the quality factor, but it has to focus more on implementing the high-power hardware testbed. Moreover, the WPT system was implemented in (Das et al., 2018) that achieve maximum power with better power conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, low energy efficiency and high installation cost are considered as the major drawbacks. In addition, IPT Based Wireless Charging was suggested in (Gadge and Khule, 2021) which minimizes the cost and weight of the vehicle as well as increases the efficiency. However, the wireless charging technology has a disadvantage in that it takes time to charge.A wireless Charging station was introduced in (Ustun et al., 2020) which is more efficient and reduces the coupling coefficient. However, it has a major drawback of electromagnetic energy loss. Therefore, these limitations have to be considered for enhancing the power conversion efficiency of the WPT in the current research work effectively.