6G With TeraHertz Communications

6G With TeraHertz Communications

Senbagavalli G., T. Kavitha, Aruna Ramalingam, Velvizhi V. A.
Copyright: © 2022 |Pages: 30
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9636-4.ch011
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Abstract

The terahertz band is the next frontier in wireless communications for its ability to unlock significantly wider segments of unused bandwidth. It offers the enhanced transmission bandwidth when compared to mmwave band in 5G networks. Terahertz communication reduces the problem of mmWave bands where the propagation loss is more due to molecule absorption of electromagnetic waves. The development of Reconfigurable MIMO techniques, subwavelength guiding structures, nanoantennas, superlenses, hyperlenses and light concentrators, communication distance can be increased in THz systems. 6G wireless networks will consist of a multitude of small radio cells with shorter communication distances. Base stations of radio cells in the 6G network need to be connected with high-speed wireless, enhanced data rate, minimum energy consumption, and low electromagnetic emission links. These broad band links can be implemented by terahertz waves in 6G networks. Terahertz bands are inevitably going to be the next in line. THz communication will contribute to enabling interesting and needed applications.
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Introduction

6G Requirement and Enabling Technologies

Advancement in the technology inquired by any communication systems will enable efficient spectrum, low latency, and enormous connectivity. The Internet of Things plays a major role in connecting many devices over the internet and enabling communication between them. IoT has to handle traffic efficiently, monitor the environment, enable navigation virtually, sense things and transmit signals. Such massive activities can be achieved using new algorithms to enable better performance than the existing technologies. It is also possible to connect more than one hundred devices in 6G within a cubic meter. The lifetime of the battery can be improved by around twenty years. (Latva et al 2019)

The earlier generation of communication i.e., 1G to 4G provides services to humans alone. 5G could make communication between machine and man(Popovskietal,2018). But, the challenge that 5G faces is that it requires a long time to upload data to a cloud server, and hence it works on Mobile Edge Computing(MEC). Even then, 5G is not capable of providing new services which need different requirements that cannot be supported by them. Another issue in 5G is that it may not work satisfactorily where the system requires a very high data rate in terms of terabytes and the latency should be in microlevel. It will be overhauling for 5G to achieve connectivity density to handle when moving from Industrial automation 4.0 to industrial automation X.0.

The new 6G can offer higher bandwidth, ultra-reliable, and low latency services. 6G can transform human conditions in terms of the physical, digital, and biological universe of experience. It can provide solutions with improved data rate, bandwidth and handle traffic for different applications such as augmented and virtual reality. The leading performance attributes of 6G are factories, worksites, and ecosystems, Health monitoring and services, logistics and transportation, media and entertainment, etc.

THz

Terahertz band will play an essential role in the 6G wireless communication system(Chowdhury et al, 2020). The frequency range between 0.1 and 10 THz is the terahertz band with 0.1-0.3 THz as sub-THz region and 0.3-10 THz as THz region. Many materials do not respond to these frequencies and hence, it is called the THz gap. It can also be called Tera Waves or T – Waves. Frequency band between 30-300 GHz refers to mmWave band and it shares the same characteristics as THz wave in the range 100 – 300 GHz. It has a wide bandwidth, broad directivity, large path loss, and blockage effects, atmosphere absorption, and more diffuse scattering. Frequency band between 30-300 GHz refers to mmWave band and it shares the same characteristics as THz wave in the range 100 – 300 GHz. It also has large bandwidth, high directivity large path loss and blockage effects, atmosphere absorption, and more diffuse scattering(Haung et al, 2019, Rappaport et.al, 2019, Huq et al, 2019)

Figure 1.

Electromagnetic spectrum around T wave.(Withayachumnankul et.al,2007)

978-1-7998-9636-4.ch011.f01

Figure.1 specifies the Terahertz band and its neighboring designations.

The data rate of mmWave ranges between GBPS covers several hundred meters and bandwidth is several GHz. In contrast, THz waves can have data rates around TBPS. And that of THz waves is TBPS, covering tens of meters, and bandwidth is around tens of Gigahertz. mmWave and THz radiations are non-ionizing radiations with photon energy less than 0.1 to 12.4meV. This small amount of energy is not sufficient to eject electrons from an atom but the amount of heat generated will be a risk.

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