TopIntroduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network of interacting machines and devices over the Internet. The main strength of the IoT is the high impact it will have on several aspects of every-day life and behavior of potential users (Bandyopadhyay & Sen, 2011). It is becoming a mainstream technology with a new computing paradigm of machine-to-machine and human-to machine-interactions. Assisted living, smart homes, e-health, and enhanced learning are only a few examples of possible application scenarios in which this new paradigm will play a leading role in the near future (Atzori et al., 2010). Recently, the IoT was also recognized as a disruptive technology for supply chain management (Lee, 2015). The IoT helps supply chain partners monitor the process of a supply chain execution in real time and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chain (Ping et al., 2011).
IDC (2014) forecasts that the IoT will reach 28.1 billion units by 2020, up from 9.1 billion in 2013 and the value of the market will reach $7.1 trillion by 2020, up from $1.9 trillion in 2013. According to Garnter (2014), the IoT is one of the emerging technologies in IT in Gartner’s IT Hype Cycle. Specific technologies go through innovation trigger, peak of inflated expectations, through of disillusionment, slope of enlightenment, and plateau of productivity of the hype cycle.
Supply chain innovation is critical to sustainable competitive advantages for firms. The introduction of new products and services, or entry into new markets, is likely to be more successful if innovative supply chain management practices, innovative supply chain designs, and enabling technology are accompanied (Arlbjørn et al. 2011). Supply chain data will increasingly be generated by a network of sensors, RFID tags, meters, actuators, GPSs, and other devices and systems (Butner, 2010). IBM (2010) suggests the Smarter Supply Chain of the Future has the instrumentation, interconnectedness and intelligence to predict, if not prevented, disruptions before they occur. From production floor and warehousing to the distribution and store shelving, the IoT enables supply chain partners to create smart supply chain by providing real-time data and business intelligence for all partners in the supply chain. Firms will invest in the IoT to increase visibility of materials flow, reduce loss of materials, and lower distribution costs. The IoT brings the smart supply chain to reality by employing RFID technologies, sensors, and data analytics to manage internal and external supply chain processes more intelligently.
As the IoT penetrates into core business processes and an increasing number of firms invest in green supply chain, leveraging the IoT for smart supply chain will become a subject of great interest for the managers. The IoT for smart supply chain will generate value in inventory management, preventive maintenance, and transportation, and allow multi-way communications with the partners and customers, rich data analysis, and timely responses to unexpected events. However, the value of the IoT can be realized only when managers fully understand what data the IoT devices collect, how the data should be processed, and when they should make the decisions on supply chain problems. It is also very important to analyze technical and managerial security risks of the IoT (Kim et al., 2015).
This chapter discusses IoT architecture essential for smart supply chain and presents a conceptual framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) for smart supply chain management. This study discusses technical and managerial challenges faced by supply chain managers in implementing the IoT.
TopBasic Iot Architecture
Overall architecture will have a significant bearing on the field itself and needs to be investigated (Gubbi et al., 2013). For successful IoT-based supply chain management, basic IoT architecture needs to be established and updated continuously to commission and decommission various IoT assets. Domingo (2012) suggests three layers of IoT architecture including perception, network, and application. For smart supply chain, the basic architecture includes four layers: