A Relative Study About Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET): Applications, Standard, Protocols, Architecture, and Recent Trends

Introduction

Several Nodes in Wireless Environment managed with distributed authority to form a wireless ad-hoc network. Categorization of this network is depending upon the position permission, assignment intentions, user and connections. The wireless connection can be set up directly between computers it means it is a temporary network having computer -to -computer connection. There is no requirement to connect to a Wi-Fi router between them. The specifications to define network ad-hoc is non dependency of fixed or planned framework of network like access points works for infrastructure wireless networking, routers in connected or predefined networks. The extemporaneous way of connecting nodes is a form of connected networks consist of Flying ad-hoc networks (FANET), Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) (Abusalah, Khokhar & Guizani, 2008) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). In last few years, there has been growth in the field of MANET, FANET & VANET and these ad-hoc networks are growing day by day in the field of research and development.

Through the medium of wireless routers or nodes and interim network can be setup spontaneously to transfer the data between nodes . This ad hoc network can be operated without strict top-down network administration, For example, the network nodes like mobile phones, digital cameras, laptop and so on. MANET is the new developing and evolving techniques that allows everyone to transfer their information over infrastructure-less environment irrespective of their geographical location and this is the reason sometimes MANET is also known as “infrastructure less network”. MANET attracts a large number of real world application areas and these are the areas where networks topology changes very fast (Govindaswamy, Blackstone & Balasekaran, 2011). But since last few years, lots of researchers are working on and trying to remove the main problems occurred in MANET or example computational power, limited bandwidth, security, battery power and so on. MANET become more exposed to the threads if we follow the same security solutions that are used to protect present wired network. geographical location, that’s why it is sometimes referred to as an infrastructure less network.

As we know that VANET is subgroup of MANET. To create a mobile network technology, VANET works with automobile industry products like car and so on. The function of VANET is to allow automobiles to connect with the help of wide range of network. It converts every two wheeler or four wheeler automobile product. Main aim is to provide communication between vehicles and also established and maintains an efficient and safe transportation. As the vehicles are increasing, day- by- day so the chances of accidents has also increased. So to reduce the chances or possibilities of accidents, there is requirement to make our vehicles intelligent and this is the reason of adding the feature in vehicle by VANET. Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) originate several challenging standpoint as compared to MANET because of fast topology changes and high movability of nodes in VANET.

FANET is an ad-hoc network which is also related to air floating nodes and these nodes can be operated distantly and can fly independently (Murthy & Manoj, 2004). FANET is a separate type of MANET with various common infrastructural design convictions. FANET is a class of Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAVs) and these UAV’s interact without any requirement of access point (Muller, 2012). But in between the classes of Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAVs), and these have to be linked in satellite. UAVs can be operated distantly and also can fly independently. Similarly like an autopilot, the UAVs work without human help. Earlier, UAVs were mostly used for military applications or operations because these were simple remotely piloted aircraft (Kumar, Basavaraju & Puttamadappa, 2008). However, in recent years, the UAVs operate without any pilot and the use cases for civil applications are increasing day by day e.g., non-military security work, policing and firefighting and so on. According to the earlier technology single-UAV system is commonly used, however according to new challenges that are by using a class of small UAVs has been added some leverage to the ad hoc networks (Sahingoz, 2014). However, the multi-UAV systems (Govindaswamy et. al, 2011) have one of the most important design issues is the communication and have some limited challenges also. FANETs are used very often in systems as the systems are more capable and can be applied and solve various problems. So, we can say that these networks have some additional advantages as compared to their traditional ad hoc networks as the unmanned systems are used to communicate in different zones (Zhang Jacob, 2003).