MIMO is the technology that allows equipment to work with both polarizations at the same time, both horizontally and vertically, and the devices make this function as a download-only polarization and another upload-only polarization. Others still do not do either of these controls and connect using both biases at the same time, so the data transfer rate can double. MIMO is an integral part of modern wireless communications technologies, whether you're talking about 802.11ac or 4G LTE Wi-Fi network data. It arose from a need to increase the transmission capacity of an access point and is basically the access point's ability to receive and send simultaneous streams. This technology has a feature that the higher the speed and the more antennas the device has, the more data it can transfer at one time, meaning faster wireless download and upload speeds. This chapter examines the MIMO technology and developments over the recent past as well as the upcoming integration into new mobile technologies, approaching its success, categorizing, and synthesizing the potential of technology.
TopIntroduction
With the advent of portability, characterized by the proliferation of mobile devices and computers, wireless communications have become popular with a large number of people around the globe. For many, it has become a means of work, for others, it continues as a mode of fun and interpersonal communication (Cu & Roto, 2008).
The consequence of success was the saturation of many wireless communication networks. Transmissions began to fail, and failures that were previously missing or not often noticed. New forms of communication had to be found in order to overcome the problem of channel congestion. Among several possibilities, “Multiple Input Multiple Output” (MIMO) has emerged as one of the techniques that are capable of optimizing the transmission channel and ensuring higher signal quality (Jensen & Wallace, 2004).
MIMO technology emerges as one of the most efficient in the portability environment, where the transmission and reception of signals must be carried out with considerable precision and accuracy in order to avoid damage to communication and sent data. Major projects already make use of MIMO, attesting to the success that this technology can offer (Arapoglou et al., 2010).
MIMO technology is a branch of the Smart Antenna study area. These represent a group of devices equipped with sensors coupled to a digital processor, which is capable of interpreting the signal captured by the sensors by applying algorithms that allow for better signal utilization, reducing the destructive effect of interference and maximizing transmission gain of said signal (Yu & Ottersten, 2002).
MIMO has the structure described above, where sensors are commonly called antennas. The innovation present in this model is that the antennas are used in both the transmitter (multiple outputs) and the receiver (multiple inputs). There is an optimization when the transmitter sends the signal, and when the receiver interprets the signal. This is one of the reasons for the high transmission rates that can be achieved with MIMO (Wallace & Jensen, 2002).
An unsurpassed number of devices, whether smartphone, virtual reality headset or security cameras, are connecting to telecommunications networks at once. This results in a rapid increase in data traffic over time, with bandwidth improvements becoming necessary. What the people need is high data speed, yet still, the world witnessed the advent of 4G LTE networks in developing countries, but telecom operators around the world have begun to experiment with even more complex and robust technologies to maximize the power of the network. signal, user capacity, and data speeds. They are using intelligent antenna technology called Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) that will form the basis for our fifth-generation (5G) cellular technology. It is still in the early stages of development, but it is expected to be highlighted soon (Jensen & Wallace, 2004, Arapoglou et al., 2010, Larsson et al, 2014, Andrews et al, 2014).
Also known as large-scale antenna systems, it is the backbone for the evolution of wireless communication. MIMO technology is expected to be immensely beneficial in supporting more mobile users, offering faster speeds and more reliable long-term network services (Marzetta, 2015).
Today, most 4G LTE network infrastructures allow only 8 antennas (transmitter + receiver) to be placed on the base station, which is not sufficient to meet the growing needs of mobile users. This provides limited bandwidth, affecting data speed and the number of users that can connect to this station (Kulkarni & Sharma, 2011, Li et al, 2010).
This is where MIMO comes in and allows the use of two or more transmitters and receivers simultaneously to exchange data over the same radio channel. Massive MIMO can induce up to four times the speed improvement and several times the network capacity expansion (Lu et al, 2014).
The collection of antenna systems on a MIMO Massive network does not form exact balloon-like beams seen in most previous and current network systems. Instead, the orthogonal nature of the signals emitted by the antenna collection forms individual beams, serving one or more mobile stations (the users) in an instant (Björnson et al, 2016).
As more input and output antennas are used in the Massive MIMO (5G) system, it will help telecom operators to greatly improve data coverage and speeds. This will be possible due to the high spectral and energy efficiency, which increases due to large multiplexing as well as the combined antenna Array Gain (Gao et al, 2015).