Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques play an important role in predicting, diagnosing, and monitoring the emission of hazardous or toxic gases emitted from industries or various places. Also, it helps in continuous monitoring of environmental pollutants based on time series. Leakage of gas or toxic gases leads to health-related issues to human beings. Deep learning is a part of AI, and several deep learning algorithms are used to detect the emission of toxic gases in industries, indoors, refineries, etc. This chapter gives a detailed survey on different sensors and different deep learning algorithms used for diagnosing emission of hazardous gases.
TopIntroduction
In recent years Artificial Intelligence has been used in real time applications worldwide. It is a field that deals with machine’s Intelligence behaviour like Problem solving and learning. With the advancement of science and technology various environmental pollution problems occurs. Hazardous gases such as Volatile Organic Compounds, flammable, explosive gases, etc are emitted during industrial accidents, product manufacturing and transportation (Trivedi P, Purohit D, Soju A, Tiwari RR, 2014). Various Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms has been used to diagnosis the emission of hazardous gases both in environment and in Industries. Emission of these gases over a tolerant level may cause severe damage to human health. So, diagnosis on emission of these gases in lower level is more important (Narkhede et al., 2021). There are numerous of Hazardous gases which primarily includes, Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Solvents (PennEHRS, 2020). These Hazardous gases are categorised into four types which includes, acutely toxic, corrosive, flammable, dangerously reactive and oxidizing gases as labelled in Figure 1.
Acutely Toxic Gases
It can be any gas with median lethal concentration of LC50 of 500 ppm or less. These gases lead to combustion while reacting with oxygen as source. Acutely Toxic Gases reacts rapid and violent with combustible substances and flammable vapours. Example of this oxiding gases includes fluorine, chlorine dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and chlorine trifluoride.
Toxic Gas
Has median Lethal Concentration of LC50 in air of more than 200 ppm and less than 2,000 ppm.
Highly Toxic Gas
Toxic gas with median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 ppm or less.
Corrosive Gases
Corrosive Gases has the ability to burn or destroy the organic tissues and can also corrode metals. Corrosive gases include Ammonia, Chlorine, Hydrogen Chloride and Sulphur Dioxide.
Flammable and Pyrophoric Gases
A flammable gas is gas material which is a gas at 20°C (68°F) and is ignitable at an absolute pressure of 14.7 psi when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume with air this gas has a flammable range at absolute pressure of 14.7 psi with air of at least 12%, regardless of lower limit. Some of the Flammable gases are Acetylene, Butane, Carbon monoxide, Ethylene, and Hydrogen.
Dangerously Reactive
Some of the gases are chemically unstable. If exposed to slight change in temperature or variation in pressure or a mechanical shock, they spontaneously undergo some chemical reactions such as decomposition resulting in fire explosion. Examples of these gases are Methyl acetylene, Vinyl chloride, Tetrafluoroethylene and Vinyl fluoride.
Oxidizing Gases
Includes any gases containing higher atmospheric concentrations greater than 23-25%, Nitrogen oxides, chlorine, and fluorine. Carbon-containing substances such as most flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids, oils, greases, many plastics, fabrics, finely divided metals, other oxidizable substances such as hydrogen, hydrides, sulphur or sulphur compounds, silicon and ammonia or ammonia compounds leading to fire explosion.
The Architecture for diagnosing emission of hazardous gases is labelled in Figure 2.
Impact Of Hazardous Gases In Humans
Based on industries, we might come in contact with various harmful gases regularly (Us & Gas, 2020). Some of the hazardous gases shown in Figure 3 and its impact in humans are: