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An Intersectional Analysis of Freedom of Belief and Discrimination of Iranian LGBT+ Individuals in Turkey

An Intersectional Analysis of Freedom of Belief and Discrimination of Iranian LGBT+ Individuals in Turkey

Nigar Degirmenci (Pamukkale University, Turkey) and Ferda Esin Gülel (Pamukkale University, Turkey)
Copyright: © 2023 |Pages: 20
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-8412-8.ch009
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Abstract

The authors use an intersectionality framework to examine the discrimination that individuals belonging to the LGBT+ community who have immigrated from Iran experience in Turkiye due to their beliefs and sexual differences. By following in Brintnall's (2013) footsteps, the authors preferred to focus specifically on the intersection of LGBT+ community members and freedom of religion and belief. In this study, the authors applied a questionnaire to Iranian LGBT+ people to examine the discrimination they suffered from both being LGBT+ and religious. The religious discrimination scale used in the study was taken from the study of Allen et al. (2020). Questions of sexual identity, orientation, and discrimination were selected and developed from the EU Fundamental Rights Agency 2012 LGBT survey (FRA, 2013). At the end of the study, the hypothesis that Iranian LGBT+ refugees are discriminated against more than once because of their beliefs and sexual orientation, and tendencies will be tested in the context of intersectionality.
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Assessment Of The Situation

The development of rights to end discrimination against these individuals is new, as is the factual new definition of the LGBT+ community. However, the lives of these individuals are under threat with sanctions up to the death penalty, especially in the Middle East countries. For example, in 2006, “92 countries (48% of UN Member States) criminalised same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults, we now see this number falling down to 75 countries (39% of UN Member States) in 2015... Eight States officially legislate for the death penalty, but only five (Mauritania, Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Yemen) actually implement it” (Carroll & Itaborahy, 2015: 8-9). In this framework, the evaluation of the situation will begin with the situation of individuals who are members of the LGBT+ community in Iran. Then, the situation of refugees in Turkey will be discussed.

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