Balancing Fun and Learning in a Serious Game Design

Introduction

A number of recent reports (Computing Research Association, 2005) make it clear that the United States is losing ground on key indicators of innovation and progress because of its deteriorating performance in teaching math and science. Unfortunately, difficulty with early concepts in mathematics and sciences can dissuade students from pursuing further education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields (Lantz, 2009). Student frustration is commonly to blame for poor performance, but the wide range of learning styles and varying degrees of proficiency between students make it difficult for classic teaching methods to be universally effective. Even in modest class sizes, curriculum requirements and short class times do not allow instructors to provide individualized instruction. Additionally, such a system often emphasizes rote memorization that stifles students who are naturally adept at science and serves as a barrier to those who may still succeed if granted extra help. Although steps have been taken to enhance school systems in STEM areas, improvement would require new equipment and training that may be beyond the skill set of current teachers. In fact, less invasive ways to augment current school systems must be considered to be able to make wide-spread changes feasible.

Video games have, since the 90s, become a mainstream form of entertainment and a multi-billion dollar industry. With improving hardware and software, development and availability of games have become inexpensive and accessible (Mayo, 2009). The success of video games is largely attributed to their ability to synthesize elements of environment and story with simulations that can provide real-time visualized responses. Video games are fun and embody real world situations in which players explore, learn and solve problems (Barab et al., 2009). The consideration of games in education is made evident by recent and growing development in “serious games,” defined by design that takes into account “(i) serious aspects that determine the pedagogical objectives such as the transmission and/or acquisition of knowledge, know-how, or information; (ii) and fun aspects which focus on the motivation and the management of end users’ frustration.” (Hocine and Gouaich, 2011). Taking advantage of the tremendous revolution that interactive technologies have brought to consumers, “serious games” offer a number of strong learning-enhancement capabilities, allowing for the realization of virtual worlds that can adapt to and assist students in ways that the typical classroom environment cannot (Torrente et al., 2011). In standard textbook-driven lecturing and study, visual or hands-on learners are left to find their own ways of perceiving the ever more complex concepts as they wade through a course. Currently, even hands-on approaches to learning, such as lab experiments, are limited by budgetary and safety constraints. Virtual environments allow infinite potential for scientific exploration, offering scenarios that are simply impossible in reality. Vivid examples can be found in many domains, such as science and engineering discovery (Barab et al., 2009; Mott et al., 2006; Sandford et al., 2006), military training (Smith, 2009; Zielke et al., 2009) and healthcare training (Hoffman, 2006; Wattanasoontorn et al., 2012). A comprehensive review of the current development as well as social and technical barriers to its mass implementation is documented in (Freitas, 2010; Sandford et al., 2006; Ulicsak, 2010).