The entire world has realized the danger of chemical pesticides because of their harmful impact on environment, biodiversity, and human health as a result of the accumulation of pesticides in the food and water chain and the outbreak of epidemic diseases such as cancer, kidney failure, and liver epidemic, which entails the cost of the state many funds to control these diseases. We must start changing the trend of the world by using biological control methods as alternatives to pesticides in order to eat healthy and safe food, raise soil fertility, increase biodiversity, and maintain the period of postharvest in the long term in addition to the booming economic aspect of the individual and society. The international organic agriculture law is concerned with controlling any diseases on plants and is prohibited from using any pesticides during the production, harvesting, processing, handling, and trading of organic crops.
TopBackground
Recently, human realized that using many chemical pesticides might have injury on the environment and human health because it highly toxic substances in agricultural, which led to great disturbance in the biological balance. This disturbance led to the appearance of new pests, caused reduction in number of natural enemies and increased the accumulated toxic chemicals in human food chain. In 2009, the new law Council Regulation of organic agriculture farming was issued in European Community (EC) No. 834/2007 in combination with 889/2008 on organic production and labeling of organic products and repealing regulation European Economic Community (EEC) No. 2092/91 came into force (Mikkelsen and Schluter, 2009). New group of food products appeared in the markets under different names, like organic biodynamic and ecological food. All these names showed that no synthetic chemicals were added during production or processing.
The present work was designed to reduce using toxic chemicals in agriculture process to produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity, enhance biodiversity system, maintain and increase long-term fertility of soils. In addition, find out the most suitable non-chemical methods to protect the economic plants against soil-borne or foliar fungal diseases (Ahmed, 2013).
Defines Organic Farming: as an agricultural production system which avoids the use of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, which come into direct contact with the plant or soil.
Definition of Plant Pathology
The science of patient study plant and call it a scientific term Phytopathology derived from the ancient Greek name, which consists of three words and their meaning is Phyton meaning plant, Pathos meaning of the word disease and Logos meaning science. In additional to the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
Definition of Plant Disease
Any deviation from the natural growth of the plant or any imbalance in the physiological functions of the plant, leading to the emergence of abnormal manifestations of the various members of the plant.
Factors which Occurring Plant Disease” The Principles of Plant Pathology: The Disease Triangle and Influence of the Environment”
Definition of Biological control
It is defined as the use of micro or macro-organisms except plant or human to lose numbers or decrease the effect of another pathogen.
The importance of using biological control and its relationship to sustainable development:
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The consumer’s desire to obtain safe food that does not contain pesticide residues or chemicals, after the harmful effects of pesticides on human and animal health have been proven.
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Reducing environmental degradation: The current agricultural practices using pesticides and chemicals have led to the pollution of soil, water, and then the food chain (food and water).
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Preserving biological diversity.
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Maintain human health by avoiding the consumption of food and water contaminated with pesticides.
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Avoid depletion and pollution of natural resources, which have a wide working mechanism.
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It has a wide temperature range and acid medium.
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The speed of their reproduction and the cheap prices of their products.
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Non-toxic to human. Expensive, labor intensive and host specific.
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Not a water contaminant concern.
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Once colonized may last for years.
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Host specific.
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PH range are wide.
While Chemical pesticides are:
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Cost-effective, easy to apply and broad spectrum.
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Implicated in ecological, environmental, and human health problems.
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Require yearly treatments.
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Broad spectrum.
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Toxic to both beneficial and pathogenic species.