Abstract
The purpose of this contribution is to discuss conceptual issues and challenges related to the integration of emotional agents in the design of computer-based learning environments and to propose a framework for the discussion of future research. We review some emotion theories and computational models that have been developed in cognitive science and Artificial Intelligence (AI). We then will discuss some basic principles pertaining to motivation and emotion in instructional design. Grounded on these principles, we then shall present the state of the art of integrating emotions into the design of educational systems, and notably examine how to create intelligent emotional agents that enhance interaction with users. We will introduce the concept of “socio-emotional climate” as an evaluative indicator of the diversity of desirable interactions within a computer-based learning environment. We formulate the conjecture that a socio-emotional climate capable of enhancing learner motivation, self-assessment and self-motivation could be developed through the use of various socio-emotional agents.
TopIntroduction
Emotion is a topic in several computer science subfields. Human-Computer-Interaction (HCI) studies for example the role of affect in human-interface interactions or attempts to design software that express emotions. Artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science may model human thought and behaviour. A new emerging transversal field, affective computing, unites attempts to design emotional software. Interest in emotional computing is grounded in the hypothesis that emotion plays an important role in cognitive processes and therefore has an impact on decision-making and performance (Damasio, 1994; Kort & Reilly, 2002; Picard, 1997).
Educational and learning theories are also concerned with emotion. In constructivist and cognitivist learning theories, learning is a result of cognitive processing and leads to knowledge construction. Learners construct their own reality through interaction with the environment, or at least interpret it based upon their perceptions or experiences. Emotions play a role in all these processes and have the potential to influence learning processes. The learning situation creates a context for a variety of emotional experiences. The effects of emotions on learning are mediated by self regulation and motivation and both positive and negative emotions influence learning. For example, students’ emotions, such as enjoyment, boredom, pride, and anxiety are seen to affect achievement by influencing the student’s involvement and attitude towards learning and learning environments (see e.g., Boekaerts, 2003; Pekrun, 2005).
In addition, working with a computational learning environment puts motivational challenges on the learner and increases the emotional load of the learning situation. For instance, O’Reagan (2003) interviewed 11 students studying online and concludes that the students surveyed positioned emotion as central and essential to the teaching/learning process. So, a learning situation is not only a mental performance, but also an emotional coping situation. According to Wosnitza and Volet (2005), emotions in computer-based learning could be derived from self, context, task or technology and other people. Technical environments should answer students’ needs and expectations and have an influence on their emotional state (Brave & Nass, 2002). The question of how students feel about the environment and technology has been much debated in order to determine the amount of attention they allocate to their learning activities. For example, an impractical environment or unstable technology could distract attention, cause frustration, and disturb the users (Picard & Wexelblat, 2002).
The integration of technologies in education added some effectiveness and efficiency to pedagogical practice. However, little attention has been paid to emotions in educational technology. Some technology-based instructional designs (Astleitner, 2001; MacFadden et al., 2005) not only suggest ways to alleviate problems related to emotional learner states, but also address the more fundamental issue of how to build emotions into the design of learning activities, including collaborative scenarios. In addition, in modern electronic learning environments, emotions also intervene in various person-to-person interaction and person-to-system (human computer) interaction. All these factors contribute to some overall socio-emotional climate.
Key Terms in this Chapter
Socio-Emotional Climate: The socio-emotional climate is evaluative indicator of the full diversity of interactions that seem occur within a computer-based learning environment. The high socio-emotional climate is due to the ability of facilitating social and emotional interactions in order to enhance the learners’ motivation, self-assessment and self-motivation.
Socio-Emotional Agent: A socio-emotional agent is an adaptive computational entity characterized by autonomy, pro-activity, social ability, emotional ability and flexibility. This agent is capable to react, to take initiative, to cooperate, to infer and to learn in an environment that includes a diversity of computer-mediated interactions. The socio-emotional agent can show affective mechanisms and can interact with the users in a socially engaging manner.
Pedagogical Socio-Emotional Agent: A socio-emotional agent is pedagogical when it is particularly developed to facilitate learning. Such an agent should provide emotional support in order to promote a positive mood in the learner, to motivate him/her and to enhance social interaction between learners. This agent should be able to recognise the learner’s emotions and implement a model of the learner’s affect in order to suggest motivational and affective pedagogical strategies.
Emotionally Sound Instruction: Emotionally sound instruction promotes learning and teaching strategies with increased positive and decreased negative emotions. Emotionally sound instruction also may integrate some frustration and imbalance, which is part of the challenge and beneficial for the learning process. It also may contribute to the creation of a sense of community within a learning environment by influencing learner-to-learner interactions.
Emotionally Enhanced Computer-Based Learning Environment: An emotionally enhanced computer-based learning environment supports emotionally and pedagogically sound instruction. Resources and services support a rich set of learning activities and a full diversity of interactions. Such an environment may include interactive learning modules, knowledge bases, communication tools, professional software and cognitive tools. The environment should encourage the growth of learner responsibility, initiative, reflection, decision-making and intentional learning. It also should encourage collaboration and build up confidence with technology.
Emotional Interaction: Emotional interactions are situated intrapersonal, interpersonal, or human-computer interactions necessary for efficient, effective and affective learning. These refer to emotional component processes of appraisal and reappraisal of interactions in order to maintain a close relationship within the learning situation.