Context Good Practices in Energy Matrix Focused Towards a Hydrogen Economy: Colombia Becoming the Colossus of the Hydrogen Economy and Sustainability in the Region

Introduction

It is pertinent to mention how sustainability and its multiple factors gathered in a single word would be the hallmark of the EAN University in Bogotá Colombia where sustainopreneurship (innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainability) may be a concept that has risen from the prior concepts of ecopreneurship and social entrepreneurship through sustainability entrepreneurship. The concept implies utilizing creative business organizing to unravel issues related to sustainability to make environmental and social sustainability a vital purpose and objective while at the same time respecting the boundaries set to preserve the life support frameworks within the process. In other words, it could be a business with a cause where world issues are turned into business openings by the arrangement of sustainability innovations (Verma, 2021), also sustainable production and consumption can be defined as the production and use of products and services in a manner that is socially beneficial, economically viable and environmentally benign over their whole life cycle (Publication of the Institution of Chemical Engineers Official Journal of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, 2023)

The chapter consists of the following topics: conceptualization of sustainability about factors such as entrepreneurship and innovation, it also deals with the energy matrix in Colombia and Latin America, and the criteria considered by the OECD and other environmental agencies. Prospective towards decarbonization programs by 2050. How the electrolysis process works, the necessary technology for obtaining green hydrogen used for the transport sector, contributing to the decarbonization process, good practices from European and American countries and multinationals, and, of course, Colombia, are mentioned. They are on this mission of contamination, and it culminates with different types of hydrogen. It is pertinent to clarify that this research project is more oriented to the context of the energy matrix, factors to be considered theoretically than an application in the field.

To contextualize the energy matrix, hydroelectricity makes up most of the energy matrix of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC). Considering the concern about reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from hydroelectric plants and hydrogen production from fossil sources, green hydrogen (H2) appears as an energy vector capable of reducing this impact. Improving the efficiency of the plant and the production of renewable energy, the element is an interesting alternative from an ecological and economic point of view (Nadaleti et al., 2022)

The Latin American and Caribbean region (LAC) represents 9% of the world's population, approximately 6.5% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP), 6% of global energy consumption, and 5% of world energy-related CO2 emissions [1]. The LAC consists of 42 countries, which are characterized as emerging countries. Among these, representing 72% of the regional population are Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela, the five countries account for 82% of the GDP, 80% of the energy consumption, 82% of electricity use, and 80% of CO2 emissions (Nadaleti et al., 2022)

In recent years, governments around the world have been increasing their attention to energy supply policies. These policies are focused on three main energy goals that define the energy trilemma: security of supply, affordability, and environmental sustainability (Ang et al., 2015); (Pupo-Roncallo et al., 2019). which will not entitle these ideas not to be however compatible. It has been previously documented that some countries may rely on cheap coal to guarantee its supply, and this has a direct impact on

environmental sustainability. Also, others may prefer the use of clean energy sources at a higher cost. A true tradeoff between these factors is necessary when assessing energy goals and policies to achieve a low-carbon energy transition and more efficient energy systems. In addition, a change is needed in how energy is produced and consumed to observe a positive impact in terms of environmental protection and economic development (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development of the Country, 2011)