COVID-19 and the Interplay With Antibacterial Drug Resistance

COVID-19 and the Interplay With Antibacterial Drug Resistance

Laxmi Kant Bhardwaj, Prangya Rath, Shubhansh Bajpai, Divya Upadhyay, Harshita Jain, Naresh Kumar, Shivani Sinha
Copyright: © 2024 |Pages: 28
DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-4139-1.ch010
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health issue worldwide that affects the world economy. The concern associated with this issue increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The misuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic will have catastrophic implications for the control of AMR. In 2019, the coronavirus illness COVID-19 first appeared in China. COVID-19 infection is a surface-to-surface communicable disease. It is considered the most vital global health disaster of the century. It has rapidly spread around the world and is the greatest challenge for humankind. This chapter discusses the origin, symptoms, transmission, treatment, and recommendations of the COVID-19 disease.
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Introduction

COVID-19 is a newly discovered infectious respiratory illness that was first documented in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It was brought on by SARS-CoV-2 or the new coronavirus (nCoV-2019). The World Health Organization (WHO) designated COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, with a death rate of 3.4% (WHO, 2020). It belongs to a novel class of coronaviruses that may infect the lungs, upper neck, sinuses, and nose. It belongs to the order Nidovirales' Coronaviridae family's coronavirus genus. Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronaviruses are subgroups of the family Coronaviridae. Scientists identified this new virus as a member of the family on January 7, 2020. (Madabhavi et al., 2020).

Structure of the Coronavirus

It is a ssRNA virus and has crown-shaped peplomer spikes on the outer surface. Woo et al., (2010) stated of the size of coronavirus is 80-160 nm in diameter and 27-32 kBs in length. This virus has structural similarities with bat coronavirus and SARS-coronavirus, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Structure of the coronavirus

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According to Madabhavi et al., (2020), transcription mistakes, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) jumps, and rapid mutation rates all contribute to the high recombination rate of coronavirus. It has never been reported that this COVID-19 strain has infected people before (Li et al., 2020). The genetic sequence information for SARS-CoV-2 was provided by the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) on January 10, 2020. The virus was given the designation nCoV-2019 by the WHO and the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on January 12, 2020. These organizations designated the illness as COVID-19 on February 11, 2020.

Initial research on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted in Saudi Arabia at the beginning of 2012. This virus was shown to be responsible for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and kidney failure. It was phylogenetically distinct from the human coronavirus (Rahman & Sarkar, 2019). According to Yin & Wunderink (2018), the virus causes infections in the respiratory, hepatic, neurological, and gastrointestinal systems of the body. Elderly people with lung, heart, and/or diabetic conditions were more susceptible to COVID-19 sickness (Huang et al., 2020).

Compared to copper and cardboard, SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel (Van Doremalen et al., 2020). It was said to be able to endure on a variety of surfaces for many hours or days, including:

  • (i)

    Copper (pennies, tea kettles, and cookware): up to 4 hours

  • (ii)

    Boxes for shipment made of cardboard: up to 24 hours

  • (iii)

    Plastic (milk jugs, detergent bottles, elevator buttons, and bus seats): 2 to 3 days

  • (iv)

    Stainless steel (refrigerators, pots and pans, sinks, and some water bottles): 2 to 3 days

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