The philosophies behind design codes with particular reference to the use of modern limit state design are presented in this chapter. Comments are made on the design life of temporary structures which vary considerably between different countries. Design codes of the USA, Europe and Australia/New Zealand for temporary structures are compared with particular reference to the loads combinations and the partial factors applied. It is noted that whilst the European design codes do not specify how construction, use and disassembly of the temporary structures are to be executed the USA code for scaffolding includes such specification. The Hong Kong code for bamboo scaffolds is described showing the similarities and differences between bamboo and metal scaffolds. The chapter concludes with design examples for selected temporary structures based on design codes.
Top6.1 Introduction
Every temporary structures project is a unique endeavour, given a particular set of challenges and a specific context. The planning, design, execution and operation processes of a temporary structure vary with the intended application, the site where it will be used and the role in the construction process. Therefore, temporary structures are exposed to a multiplicity of external and/or internal hazard events. Many of the hazards have been appropriately researched and design rules have been incorporated in existing codes of practice and guidance documents. However, there are still gaps of knowledge that need to be filled, with emphasis on the risks originating from human interaction, namely human errors during all phases of temporary structures life cycle.
The aim of this Chapter is to introduce the framework of structural design in the context of temporary structures, to discuss the associated challenges, and to provide an understanding concerning the design rules specified in modern design codes. The Chapter also identifies aspects that are not covered by existing structural design codes and presents state-of-the-art methods that help to overcome these limitations.
On the basis of this Chapter it is expected that the reader will acquire knowledge on the following topics:
- 1.
Difference between designs for temporary structures and permanent structures.
- 2.
Differences between design codes in various countries including the use of different materials.
- 3.
Understanding with respect to design of bridge falsework and access scaffolds.
- 4.
Design of elements of temporary structures including bearings, jacks and elements made of bamboo.
- 5.
An understanding of the problems involved in the design and use of Bridge Construction Equipment.