Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)

Background

Typical examples of back end application systems that are deployed as part of a company’s information technology (IT) infrastructure are an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system or a Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP) system. In the general case, different back end application systems store potentially different data about the same objects like customers or machine parts. For example, a part might be described in an ERP system as well as in a MRP system. The reason for the part being described in two different back end application systems is that different aspects of the same part are described and managed. In fact, this means that the not necessarily equal representation of the object exists twice, once in every system. If there are more than two systems, then it might be very well the case that the same object is represented several times. Any changes to the object have to be applied to the representation of the object in all systems that contain the object. And, since this distributed update cannot happen simultaneously (in the general case), during the period of applying the change the same object will be represented differently until the changes have been applied to all representations in all back end application systems. It therefore can very well be the case that during an address update of a customer object the customer has two addresses. Some objects representing the customer have already the new address while others still have the old address. This situation exists until the distributed update is complete. Furthermore, in most cases there is no record of how many systems represent the same object. It might be the case and actually often it is the case that a change is not applied to all objects because it is not known which back end application system has a representation of the object in the first place. Only over time these cases will be detected and rectified, mainly through the resolution of error situations.

In summary, the same object can be represented in different back end application systems, the updates to an object can cause delays and inconsistencies, and locations of object representations can be unknown due to missing object registries.

A second use case is that precisely the same object is replicated in different back end application systems. In this case the update of the object in one system has to be applied to all the other systems that store the same object. The objects are replica of each other since all have to be updated in the same way so their content is exactly the same. Only when all the objects are updated they are consistent again and the overall status across the back end application systems is consistent again. In the replicated case it must not be possible that the same object exposes different properties like in the address example above.