Overview
The major components used in distribution systems are distribution transformers, distribution overhead lines, cables, switch gears like Air Circuit Breaker (ACB), Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB), Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB), Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB), fuses, etc., isolators, contactors, capacitor banks, harmonic filters, end user loads like motors, UPS systems, luminaries (incandescent lamps, florescent lamps, CFLs, LEDs, etc.), resistive loads (iron boxes, water heaters, etc.), electronic gadgets (laptops, mobile phones, digital watches, etc.) and diesel generators. Diesel generators in low voltage EDS are mostly standby generators and it will be in operation only if power grid supply is not available (Alhelou et al., 2019; Makdisie et al., 2018; Alhelou et al., 2018; Alhelou et al., 2016; Haes Alhelou et al., 2019; Njenda et al., 2018). These standby diesel generators are not operating parallel with the power grid at any point of time.
The distribution system is affected by various problems like voltage sag & swell, transients, under voltage & over voltage, unbalance, voltage fluctuations, harmonics, etc. Fault in transmission system have an impact in reduction of voltage in distribution system as voltage sag because transmission system prone to more numbers of transient faults (Sivaraman et al. 2017; Khan et al., 2019; Khan et al., 2018; Khan et al., 2017; Banteywalu et al., 2019; Anteneh et al., 2019; Molla et al., 2019, Molla et al., 2018, Jariso et al. 2018). The detailed explanation of problems in distribution systems are given in this chapter.
These problems are resulting in functional problems to both distribution power Supply Company as well as end user.