Approaches to the organization of solar heat supply in Russia have a number of differences in comparison with the global experience, in particular, in the field of processing solar radiation data, designing solar collector designs, design techniques, construction and testing of solar heating systems, and the practice of creating and using solar plants. Examples of implementation of projects for creating heat supply systems in different regions of Russia are presented, from the southern (Krasnodar Territory) to the northern (Yakutia). A methodology for converting data for direct and diffuse solar radiation of NASA by taking into account the results of measurements of weather stations, which provides the possibility of their practical use, is presented. Data on the number, types, annual volumes of supplies, and names of producers of solar collectors in Russia are presented. Methodical approaches to the development of solar collectors structures based on the results of comparing the energy consumption for their production with the amount of energy produced by them during their lifetime are considered. A comparative analysis of solar design methodology in Russia and in Europe has been performed. Prospects for the construction of solar heat installations in Russia up to 2030 are considered.
TopBackground
The calculated values of the total, direct and diffuse solar radiation in Russia according to ground-based observation stations are listed in the reference books (Reference book on the climate of USSR, 1966; Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of USSR, 1990). In the atlas of solar radiation resources of Russia (Poppel, Frid, Kolomiets, Kiseiyova & Terekhova, 2010), the values of solar radiation are presented in graphical form. The results of studies of solar radiation are presented in articles (Daus, Kharchenko & Yudaev, 2016a, pp. 124-129; 2016b pp. 482-484; Butuzov V.V., 2009). In Russia, the most popular application was the NASA computer database (NASA 2009). For heat supply of objects, it is possible to use electric heating from photoelectric converters, thermal solar collectors, heat pumps.
Research work of the use of solar energy using photovoltaic solar installations is discussed in studies Kharchenko, Nikitin & Strebkov, (2015, pp. 418-424); Belenov, Daus, Yudaev & Kharchenko, (2016, pp. 151-156); Kharchenko, Nikitin & Tikhonov, (2010, pp. 307-310); Kharchenko, Nikitin, Tikhonov & Gusarov, (2013, pp. 309-313).