Green Spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

Introduction

In the planning of urban green spaces, citizen participation is relevant, as a basic strategy to solve the difficult situations that are presented in the ZMG; Must ensure inclusive processes, especially to cover demands for the spread of vulnerable social groups. Paquot Thierry (2016).

It is recommended to calculate the bio-Economic values ​​related to recreation through the Model of the Quintuple Helix model with the support of quantitative, qualitative and comparative methods. It is concluded that it is necessary to approach green planning based on the philosophy of the system of indicators that above all must be a real and applicable system that measures the degree of sustainability of urban green spaces in the ZMG. Anaya (2008).

The Quintuple Helix innovation model is even broader and more comprehensive by contextualizing the Quadruple Helix and by additionally adding the helix (and perspective) of the ‘natural environments of society’. The Triple Helix acknowledges explicitly the importance of higher education for innovation. However, in one line of interpretation it could be argued that the Triple Helix places the emphasis on knowledge production and innovation in the economy so it is compatible with the knowledge economy.

The Quadruple Helix already encourages the perspective of the knowledge society, and of knowledge democracy for knowledge production and innovation. In a Quadruple Helix understanding, the sustainable development of a knowledge economy requires a co-evolution with the knowledge society. The Quintuple Helix stresses the necessary socio-ecological transition of society and economy in the twenty-first century; therefore, the Quintuple Helix is ecologically sensitive. Within the framework of the Quintuple Helix innovation model, the natural environments of society and the economy also should be seen as drivers for knowledge production and innovation, therefore defining opportunities for the knowledge economy.

The European Commission in 2009 identified the socio-ecological transition as a major challenge for the future roadmap of development. The Quintuple Helix supports here the formation of a win-win situation between ecology, knowledge and innovation, creating synergies between economy, society, and democracy. Global warming represents an area of ecological concern, to which the Quintuple Helix innovation model can be applied with greater potential.

Therefore, there are nine areas, of which Carayannis and Kaloudis write about, that require ‘sustained action’, political and economical ‘leadership’ or ‘empowerment’, and ‘intelligent use of technology’ (Carayannis and Kaloudis [2010], p. 2):

• 1.

  “Financial/economic system;

• 2.

  Environmental challenges;

• 3.

  Feed and heal the world challenges,

• 4.

  Energy challenges,

• 5.

  Educational challenges,

• 6.

  Political democratic reform across the world,

• 7.

  Transformative government across the world,

• 8.

  Equity and Security across the world,

• 9.

  Technology, innovation and entrepreneurship as drivers of knowledge societies”.

Let us consider now in greater detail the production of the resource of knowledge. Knowledge (for example, the advancement of green technology) can act as key to success for sustainable development. Essentially, it should be understood today that nation-states that concentrate on the progress of society, higher competitiveness of their economies, or better and sustainable quality of life have to apply the resource of knowledge. In the transformation to a knowledge-based society, knowledge-based economy, or knowledge-based democracy (see Carayannis and Campbell).

Urban wooded reduce global warming, or “the green house” effect in the cities (figure 1). Produced by the excessive warming due to lack of green areas, air contamination and the big heat reflecting surfaces, as pavement and concrete. Regulation of parks and gardens of Guadalajara (2014).